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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stages of Memory |
-Stimulus -Sensory -STM -LTM
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Sensory Memory |
-very short -we keep that memory or let it go -all memory gets registered then gets selected out. -lasts 2 seconds |
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STM |
-"working memory" -Holds 7+,- 2 items -things we want to keep goes to LTM -lasts up to 30 seconds |
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LTM |
-some theorists (Frode) believe everything stays in LTM
2 types of LTM 1. declarative: memory for information a. epistolic: events that happen in your life. b. samantics: knowledge/meaning in your life. 2. Procedural: memory of doing things ex: riding a bike
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Process of memory |
Encoding --> Automatic, Visual, organization-->chuncking -storage -retrieval |
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Encoding |
-process from STM to LTM
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Automatic |
-things that get in memory automatically -can train yourself to code auto |
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Effort |
-things that take effort to memorize
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Semantic |
-information with meaning -memorized much more quickly -rehearsal is good to memorize 1. maintenance rehearsal: repeating 2. additive rehearsal: relating items to memory 3. serial position effect: memorizing the first and last sentence of something. |
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Visual |
-if you can visualize it, it will be better to remember it. -more likely to remember
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Organization |
-if we can organize it a certain way we can remember it.
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Chunking |
-organizing it in smaller groups to remember
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Mnemonic Devices |
-way to remember things ex:P.E.M.D.A.S |
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Storage |
-how our memory is stored in the brain
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Retrieval |
-information got in but we have to figure out how to get it. 3 different types of testing 1.recall test: writing down pledge of allegiance 2. recognition: 3 different versions pf pledge of allegiance and picking out the right one. 3.relearning: memorize a poem, recite it, then learn it again.
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Process of forgetting things |
1.decay theory: when we don't use the information, it goes away. 2. change in mood/setting: getting sick, having a fight, sitting in the same seat, will change your memory. 3. interference: a) proactive: occurs when old information interferes with new information. b) retroactive: when new information causes us to forget old information. ex: new address to old, old to new. 4. motivation: motivated to forget things because we don't want to remember. ex:forgetting to take out the trash |
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Flashpoint memories |
-emotionally charged -gets eched in our brains -vivid dicture -memory is not quite accurate but will feel accurate (emotions) -emotion comes with the memory |
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Amnesia |
physical: brain injuries |
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Dimensia |
-getting older -loss of memory |
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Fuge State |
-form of amnesia where the person loses its identity. -rare condition -take on a different identity - wake up from this state where they remember 1st identity and not the 2nd cause: traumatic event |
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Learning |
-when we learn something we can change - it can be unlearned |
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3 different types of learning |
1. classical conditioning: learning by association, something else will follow. 2. Operant conditioning: learning due to consequence, due to consequence we either repeat or don't repeat it. 3. Observation learning: "social learning", learning by observing other people. |
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classical conditioning |
-1900's, Lawe -studied dogs and whit they salivate. -US (unconditioned stimulus) & UR (unconditioned response): what happens automatically. - CS (conditioned stimulus) & CR (conditioned response): something they learned. -neutral stimulus: something they are not use to so no response (ringing the bell the first time) -behaviorism: everything is learned -our fears can be learned through classical conditioning. |
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classical conditioning 5 processes |
1. Accusation: acquiring the learning. 2. Extinguish response: eliminate or got rid of the response. 3. Spontaneous recovery: after you extinguish response and present it as US &CS, it will appear as a CR. 4. Generalization: it generalizes things that are similar to the CS and responds. 5. Discrimination: knows to discriminate either Bell A or Bell B. |
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Operant conditioning |
-Skiner, we learn the consequences of our behavior. -reinforcement or punishment -repeated or not repeated -shaping: giving reinforcement for the behaviors that lead up to a GOAL BEHAVIOR. -purpose of punishment is to decrease behavior. -spanking is positive punishment. -taking something away is negative punishment -to get best results use punishment and reinforcement together. - |
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2 types of reinforcement |
1. Positive: give/add increase behavior 2. Negative: take/ subtract increase behavior. Ex: poking until he writes. |
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Schedules of reinforcement |
-ratio=behavior Fixed ratio Varied ratio -interval= time Fixed interval ( paid every Friday) Varied interval (pop quizzes)
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Primary |
-things you need to survive |
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Secondary |
-everything that gets you to primary. (Money)
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Observation Learning |
-imitating behavior -kids will imitate adults -happens a lot in our world, without knowing |
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Latent Learning |
-watching what somebody is doing and days later do the same behavior |
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Taste Adversion Condition |
-associated with getting sick ex: having the flu without knowing and then eating pizza and soon after throwing up and not eating pizza for a while. |
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Stages of Consciousness |
1. Focused awareness: alert and completely on the task, in the zone, highest level of attention. Hard to sustain for a large period of time b/c it takes time. 2. Drifting: daydreaming, redirect us, not processing information well. 3. Divided: when we do something that is automatic pilot, doesnt take a lot of focus , we divide our attention to something else. 4. Altered states: (changes in awareness) reality is not what we are focused on, alcohol can change perception, hypnosis, dilusions,sleep.
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sleep |
-natural state -alter our consciousness -1/3 of our lives of being asleep -brainwave activity tells us what state were in
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REM sleep |
"rapid eye movement"
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Non REM sleep |
-1st stage of sleep a. light sleep:can be woken up from 5-10min. b.deep sleep: hardest to wake up from
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Sleep walking |
-young children and older people can sleep walk -muscles cant move -sleep cycle takes 90 minutes -cycle chnages throughout the night and with age -not too good to wake up in deep sleep -nap take 20 minutes max. -children spend more time in light sleep -aging:lack of deep sleep -84% woken up in deep sleep -no sleep: irretible, frustrated, cant focus or pay attention -deprive people of sleeping: once to REM sleep they woke them up to see if it affected them -learning new material helps with REM sleep, better with memory -no one doesnt not know the purpose of sleeping or why we do since our brain still functions. |
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Dreams |
-during REM sleep -we often dont remember our dreams -nightmares occur in REM sleep,more likely to remember and wake up -nightterror occur in deep sleep, cant wake up, cant remember, happens more with kids and some adults. -people try to interpret dreams
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Frode |
-interpreted dreams with either sex,vagina,penis -everybody dreams -ones we dont remember are not significant -outside world can affect dreams -dreams are real time
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Daydreams
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-different than night time dreams 3 purposes of daydreaming 1.work as a safety value: help us escape. 2. can change your mind 3. find solutions to problems |
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Sleep disorders |
1. insomnia: not able to sleep. Most common fix pills and alcohol, both interfere with REM sleep. -milk helps with sleep -can't sleep, GET OUT OF BED, (if you associate your bed with no sleeping then your brain is triggered to not sleep). 2. Sleep apnea: people go to sleep but stop breathing so they wake up. -usually they don't know -50-100 times a night -SIDS, common in infants 3. Narcolepsy: person who is awake talking, then falls asleep and wakes up talking again and doesn't remember. Not good to drive. |
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Drugs |
-drug abuse: abusing any drug that interferes with your life -dependency/addiction: your dependent on the drug -withdrawal: shakiness, HBP -death: so dependent on drug they can die -tolerance: take more and more drugs to get the same feeling. |
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Depressants |
-alcohol -slows everything down -DUI -Barbiturates: slows everything down, help people sleep, drug of house for suicide -narcotics: painkillers, can get addicted to easily, loses endorphins |
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Depressants |
-alcohol -slows everything down -DUI -Barbiturates: slows everything down, help people sleep, drug of house for suicide -narcotics: painkillers, can get addicted to easily, loses endorphins |
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Stimulus |
-caffeine -wakes you up -diet pills -nicotine -treats ADD -they make everything increase -have an heart attack -can't sit still, irritable, agitated |
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Hallucinogens |
-LSD and marijuana -changes your perception -glaucoma -affects brain and lungs -can stay in your fat cells and cause a 'flashback' -loss of memory
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Hypnosis |
-Frode -help trigger memories -people will act in weird ways but not do something they wouldn't normally do (kill someone) -alleviate pain -stop smoking (hypnotic) -suggestion don't always lasts |
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What are the 3 purposes of daydreaming? |
1. Works as a safety value, help us escape. 2. Can change your mood. 3. Find solutions to problems. |
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Explain Fuge state |
-caused by traumatic event/stress -sometimes adapts a new identity -form of amnesia where person loses identity -rare condition -take on a different identity -wake up from this state where they remember 1st identity and not 2nd. Cause: traumatic event |
