Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Freud |
- Psychoanalytic perspective - To much focus on sexual motivation |
|
|
Freud: the unconscious |
- Storage for mostly unacceptable thought, wishes, feelings, and memories - Repressed difficult memories - Can only access if in preconscious area |
|
|
Freud: altered states |
Conscious mind allows access to preconscious area during dreams and hypnosis |
|
|
Freud: free association |
Hear word and verbalize word that immediately comes to mind |
|
|
Psychoanalytic personality structure |
- Personality develops based on how we resolve conflicts between biological and social expectations |
|
|
Id |
Pleasure principle. Immediate gratification. Completely unconscious |
|
|
Ego |
Reality principle. Gratify Id in realistic way. Mostly conscious. Mediator between Id and Superego |
|
|
Superego |
Conscience. Concept of how we should behave. Conscious/preconscious |
|
|
Freud: psychosexual stages |
Oral(0-18m) - biting, sucking, chewing Anal(18-36m) - bowel and bladder control Phallic(3-6y) - genitals and coping with incestuous. Oedipus/elextra complex Latency(6-puberty) - dormant sexual feelings Genital(puberty+) - maturation of sexual interest |
|
|
Freud: psychoanalytic defense mechanisms |
1. Repression - deliberately forgetting 2. Regression - retreat to infantile stage 3. Reaction formation - express opposite feeling 4. Projection - attribute feelings to others 5. Rationalization - self justifying explanations 6. Displacement - shift aggression to other person/object 7. Denial - refusal to believe something |
|
|
Unconscious today |
- two track mind, schemes, priming, implicit memories, automatic stereotyping, ect not as sophisticated as Freud though |
|
|
Humanist percpective |
- sick vs healthy - based on self reports - Maslow and Rodgers - Self concept - Ideal self vs actual self - Vague and subjective - Naive |
|
|
Maslow |
Self actualizing person |
|
|
Rodgers |
- Person centered perspective - People are basically good - Three conditions for personal growth 1. Genuineness 2. Acceptance 3. Empathy |
|
|
Trait perspectives |
- More conscious than unconscious - Describe rather than explain personality |
|
|
Person-situation controversy |
If personality reflects stable dispositions then why doesn't it predict behaviour. Can predict general behaviour over time, but situation to powerful a determinant of behaviour |
|
|
Eysenck personality model |
Extraversion vs introversion and emotional stability vs instability |
|
|
Big five personality traits |
1. Conscientiousness 2. Agreeableness 3. Neuroticism 4. Openness 5. Extraversion |
|
|
Psychological disorders |
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behaviour patterns. Have biological, sociocultural, and psychological influences |
|
|
DSM - official list of disorders |
- Describes without explaining - Standardized descriptions - Version 5 out now - Increases number of "everyday" disorders 1. Introduction 2. All psychological disorders 3. Potential future measures for diagnosis |
|
|
Anxiety |
- Includes distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviour to reduce anxiety 1. Generalized anxiety disorder 2. Panic 3. Phobias OCD Traumatic disorder |
|
|
GAD |
- Constantly tense and apprehensive - Can't identify source - Can cause physical health problems - Comorbid with depression - Most common in women and young people |
|
|
Panic |
- Unpredictable episodes of intense dread, feelings of terror and chest pain, chocking, ect - Persistent concern about having another attack and the implications of having one. Change in behaviour due to attacks - Often causes anticipatory attacks |
|
|
Phobias |
- Persistent and irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation - Causes distress and impairment Types: - Specific - Social - Agoraphobia |
|
|
OCD |
Unwanted repetitive thoughts that intrude mind, cause distress and reoccur without control Actions/impulses to reduce distress of obsessions that are time consuming and often unrelated to obsession |
|
|
PTSD |
- Haunting memories, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia after a traumatic experience - Intrusive recollection/re experiencing - Psychological and physical consequences |
|
|
Learning to be anxious |
- Fear conditioning - Uncontrollable events - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
|
|
Biology of anxiety |
- Evolution - some phobias are easier to learn - Genes - genetic predispositions to sensitive nervous system - Anterior sigulate cortex, amygdala, and other regions with impulse control can be involved |
|
|
Somatic system disorder |
- Symptoms can take bodily form without obvious physical cause - Conversion disorder DSM criterion change: - Can now include predominant pain |
|
|
Dissociative disorders |
- Conscious awareness separate from previous memories, thoughts and feelings - Inability to integrate thoughts, feelings, or experiences into present consciousness - detachment from painful memories - Protection from becoming overwhelmed with emotion |
|
|
Dissociative identity disorder |
- Exhibits two or more alternating personalities - Perhaps just an extension of natural personality shifts - culture and time bound - biological and brain differences DSM criterion: - Evidence of alternating personalities - Memory lapses |
|
|
Depressive disorders |
New DSM category |
|
|
Major depressive disorder |
- Must experience major depressive episode - Depressed mood for 2+ weeks - significant weight change, sleep pattern change, psychomotor change, fatigue, suicide ideation - beyond normal response - High rate or reoccurance - Relatively common |
|
|
Cognitive errors of depressive disprder |
1. Overgeneralizing - global conclusions based on a single fact 2. Selective abstraction - focusing on small details and ignoring big ones 3. Personification - wrongly taking responsibility 4. Magnification and minimization 5. Arbitrary inference - conclusions without enough evidence 6. Dichotomous thinking - evertthing in extremes |
|
|
Bipolar disorder |
At least one manic episode followed by a major depressive episode Manic episode criterion: 1. Mood or emotional symptoms 2. Grandiose cognition 3. Motivational sumptoms 4. Physical symptoms |
|
|
Schizophrenia |
At least two of: 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized behaviour 5. Negative symptoms |
|
|
Schizophrenia brain abnormalties |
- Neurotransmitters. Dopamine fir positive, glutamate for negative - Brain activity for certain regions different - Shrinking of certain regons |
|
|
Schizophrenia - other factors |
Exposures during pregnancy to famine, virus, low birth weight, oxygen depirvation at birth. Strong genetic link - 50% more likely with identical twins. |
|
|
Personality disorders |
- Inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns - Impair social functioning - Affect behaviour across many situations - Often perceived as part of who person is - Difficult to treat - Based on social expectations |
|
|
DSM and personality disorders |
- Uses clusters but considering making it a spectrum - Most have more than one 1. Odd or eccentric - paranoid personality disorder 2. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic - bordedline, antisocial 3. Anxious - avoidant |
|
|
Antisocial personality disorder |
- Lack of conscience for wrong doing - Only care about themselves - May be aggressive or ruthless - Anything to get what they want - Genetic component - Frontal lobe activity lower - Brain less able to response to facial displays of distress - Environment + genes |
|
|
Psychotherapy |
- 90% feel significantly better after - Longer term works better than short term - No specific form perceived as more effective than any other |
|
|
Biomedical: antipsychotic drugs |
- Used to treat schizophrenia - Symptom relief - Typical - alleviate positive symptoms. Serious side effects. - Atypical - Alleviate negative and positive. Also used as mood stabilizers. Different side effects. |
|
|
Antianxiety drugs |
- Dampen nervous system - Fast acting - Best for short term - Addictive and withdrawal effect |
|
|
Antidepressant drugs |
- Increase serotonin - First generation - +serotonin and norepinephrine with more severe side effects - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - less severe side effects, equally liked - Diminished sexual desire and weight gain - 75% placebo effect |
|
|
Mood stabilizing drugs |
Lithium used to treat. Reduces effects of mania and suicide attempts. Cheap |
|
|
Psychosurgery |
- Prefrontal lobotomy - cut nerve centers between frontla obe and emotional contrlling part of brain. Calmed violent and emotional patients. Very popular from 1936-1950 |
|
|
Alternative therapies |
- Eve movement desensitization and reprocessing - recall traumatic events while moving eyes. - Light exposure therapy |
