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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A metabolic process that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids is |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Plasma proteins which are immune effectors are know as |
globulins |
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The hormone _______ is secreted by the kidney in response to reduced oxygen delivery |
Erythropoietin |
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The blood supply to the lungs is referred to as the __________ circulation |
Pulmonary |
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Brisket disease is |
the development of tissue edema in cattle that have acclimatized to high altitude |
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Which side of the heart is stronger? |
The left side |
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What functions as the pacemaker of the heart? |
Sinoatrial node |
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Inhalation and exhalation through the same opening is called |
Tidal Breathing |
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The blood pressure is being measured with an electronic recorder. The upper swing of the pen is at 130 mmHg, and the lower swing of the pen is at 70 mmHg. What is the mean arterial pressure? |
low + 1/3 (high-low) 90 mmHg |
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Which of the following would be expected to have the lowest pressure? |
large vein |
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Diffusion directly depends on _____________. |
Partial Pressure gradient Surface area Distance |
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In water, gas solubility ________ as temperature increases. |
Decreases |
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The basic unit of a mammalian lung is |
Alveolus |
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The space between lungs and thoracic wall is called |
Pleural Cavity |
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The volume of the air which remains in the conducting airways and is not available for gas |
Anatomic dead space |
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Functions of excretory systems include |
Removal of waste and harmful substances Maintenance of water balance Selective retention of inorganic solutes |
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Which renal process ensures the majority of plasma filtration? |
Osmoconcentration |
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The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases is known as its_____. |
Partial pressure |
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Humans and mammals excrete nitrogenous wastes in which form? |
Urea |
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Insects excrete nitrogenous waste in which form? |
Uric acid |
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Fish excrete nitrogenous waste in which form? |
Ammonia |
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Nitrogenous wastes are produced as a by-product of the metabolism of what? |
Amino acids |
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In blood vessels ___1.____ are the site of exchange of materials between blood and tissues, _____2____ serves as blood reservoir, ____3____ are the major resistant vessels and ____4_____ act as pressure reservoirs. |
1. Capularies 2. Veins 3. Arterials 4. Arteries |
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Name of the blood cells that do not have nucleus, mitochondria or organelles is ______. |
Erythrocytes |
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Most of O2 in animal circulatory systems in transported bound to respiratory pigments. The most common respiratory pigment in the blood is _____ and can bind up to four oxygen molecules. Vertebrates also have another respiratory pigment, ______. This pigment contain one heme and carry one oxygen molecule and store oxygen in muscle and is responsible for the red color of the muscle. |
1. Hemoglobin
2. Myoglobin |
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Following is a blood circulation in mammal. Left atrium -> _____ -> body organs -> ________-> ________-> lung |
1. Left Ventricle 2. Right Atrium 3. Right Ventricle
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The fibers in the artery that allows flexibility to the artery walls so that they behave much like a balloon is achieved by two proteins, _____ and _____. |
1. Elastin 2. Collagen
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Three major functions of lymph system |
1. Absorbs excess fluid 2. Defends as part of immune system 3. Absorption of fat
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What are the three major forms of CO2 transport in the blood? |
1. Hemoglobin 2. Dissolution in plasma |
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At sea level the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately |
160 mmHg |
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How many oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin? |
Four |
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Which of the following would be expected to have the highest pressure? a. Capillaries b. large vein c. arteriole d. large artery |
Large artery |
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The kidneys receive about ____ percent of cardiac output? |
20 |
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The blood pressure is being measured with an electronic recorder. The systolic pressure of a horse is at 130 mmHg and diastolic pressure is at 94 mmHg. Which one of the following is the mean pressure? |
Diastolic + 1/3 (Systaloic - Diastolic) |
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The partial pressures of oxygen and cardon dioxide respectively in arterial blood is: |
100 mmHgO2, 40 mmHgCO2 |
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Osmoconcentration occurs in the _______ and the _________. |
Medulla and Loop of Henle |
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Which of the following forces is not involved in glomerular filtration? a. Renal pressure b. Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure c. Glomerular capillary blood pressure d. Net filtration pressure e. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
Renal Pressure |
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Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole causes |
an increase in the blood flow to the glomerulus |
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When an animal becomes dehydrated more water is reabsorbed due to increased ______ |
Vasopressin |
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In which part of the kidney is the Loop of Henle located? |
Medulla |
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Which of the following is not a function of HCl in digestion? |
Actively secreted by D cells |
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The primary anatomical portion of the gut where nutrients absorbed is the |
Small intestine |
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Which of the following shows the correct relationships? a. Glucagon: alpha cells of the pancreas b. Glucagon: beta cells of the pancreas c. Glucagon: alpha cells of the liver d. Somatostatin: beta cells of the pancreas |
Glucagon: alpha cells of the pancreas |
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Secretin results in secretion of _____ from the pancreas. |
Bicarbonate |
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Which of the following is not a function of the liver? a. Vitamin D synthesis b. Gluconeogenesis c. Detoxification d. Glycogen storage |
Vitamin D synthesis |
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Conducting order of electric activity of autorhythmic cells is |
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers |
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What is the cardiac output of a cow with the following: Stroke volume 300 ml End diastolic volume 95 ml Heart rate 60 beats/ min Pulse pressure 60 mmHg Cardiac output ____________ ml/ min |
rate x stroke = cardiac output
300 x 60 = 18,000 |
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Primary source of energy in the fetal heart is _______. After birth, the primary energy source of normal heart changes to __________. |
Glucose
Fatty acids |
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In blood vessels ___1___ are the site of exchange of materials between blood and tissues; ____2____ act as blood reservoir; ____3___ are the major resistant vessels: and _____4______ serves as pressure reservoir. |
1. Capillaries 2. Veins 3. Arteriols 4. Arteries |
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When body become dehydrated, such as perspiring heavily, dehydration _______ osmotic pressure of blood. This induces the secretion of hormone ______ from posterior pituitary and increase osmoconcentration of the urine. |
Increases
Vasopressin |
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Protein digestion enzyme pepsinogen is activated by pepsin by _______ which is produced from ______ cells of the stomach. |
HCl
Parietal |
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The anatomical part of the kidney that's length is associated with the animals ability to concentrate urine is _______. |
Loop of Henle |
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_______ is produced from parietal cells of the stomach and help in vitamin B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. |
Intrinsic factor |
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What are the three hormones produced by the kidney. |
Renin Erythropotein Calcitriol |
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Plasma proteins which are immune effectors are know as |
Globulins |
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In water, gas solubility ______ as temperature decreases |
Increases |
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The blood supply to the lungs is referred to as the _____ circulation |
Pulmonary |
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The blood supply to the body is referred as the _____ circulation. |
Systemic |
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Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases cardiac output by |
Increasing heart rate Increasing the rate at which the pacemaker potential depolarizes the threshold Increasing the number of cross-bridges that can form during contraction Increasing the strength of contraction |
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Which of the following forces is the most common factor resulting in a change in the glomuerular filtration rate? a. Renal hydrostatic pressure b. Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure c. Glomerular capillary blood pressure d. Net filtration pressure e. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
Glomerular capillary blood pressure |
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Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole causes |
an increase in the glomerular filtration rate |
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Nitrogenous wastes are produced as a by- product of the metabolism of what? |
Amino Acids |
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In which part of the kidney is the glomerulus located? |
Cortex |
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_______ is basically the plasma component of the blood and is about ____% of body weight. |
water 60?? |
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In blood component, after collection of blood, blood was let coagulated for awhile and spun down. What is the name of upper layer that appears clear? _____ In another blood collection, heparin containing blood tube was used and tube was spun down without blood coagulation. What is the name of upper clear layer that appears clear? ______ |
Serum
Plasma |
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The most abundant plasma protein in blood which transports lipids and steroid hormones is _____. |
Albumin |
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In muscle contraction, myocyte contraction is initiated by the cell itself, not an outside occurance or stimulus such as nerve innervations is termed _______ contraction while muscle contraction that is originated from external neural stimulus is termed ________ contraction. |
Myogenic
Neurogenic |
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How many oxygen molecules bind to each heme in the hemoglobin? |
One |
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The kidneys receive about _______ percent of cardiac output. |
20 |
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Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole causes |
A decrease in the glomerular filtration rate |
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Because of its greater work, the heart chamber with the greatest muscle mass is the: |
Left ventricle |
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The primary anatomical portion of the gut where most of the nutrients are absorbed is the |
small intestine |
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Secretin results in secretion of _____ from the pancrease |
bicarbonate |
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What are the four major steps in external respiration? |
1. Ventilation or external bulk transport 2. Circulation of internal bulk transport 3. External or respiratory surface diffusion 4. Cellular or tissue diffusion |
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What is pO2 in a place where atmospheric pressure is 600mmHg? |
Atmospheric pressure x .21 = pO2
126 |
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In cardiac muscle contraction, depolarization of autorhythmic cell is due to inward diffusion of ____ ion, not sodium ion as in nerve cells. After depolarization, repolarization begins with outward diffusion of _______ ion. |
Ca + K+ |
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Primary source of energy in the fetal heart is glucose. After birth, the primary energy source of normal heart changes to __________. |
fat (lipids) |
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In blood vessels, _____1____ are the sit of exchange of materials between blood and tissues; _____2____ act as blood reservoir; _____3_____ are the major pressure vessels and _____4______ serves as pressure reservoir. |
1. Capillaries 2. Veins 3. Arteries 4. Arterioles |
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Small intestine is made of three compartments. List these compartments of small intestine in an order from stomach to large intestine |
Duodenum, Jejunum Illium |
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A metabolic process that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids is |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Plasma proteins which are immune effectors are known as |
Globulins |
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Which of the following would be expected to have the lowest pressure? a. aorta b. large vein c. arteriole d. large artery |
large vein |
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The space between lungs and thoracic wall is called |
pleural cavity |
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Where do nitrogenous wastes come from? |
Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acid |
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Which organ forms urine in mammals? |
Kidney |
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What are the regions of the kidney? |
Cortex: Outer Medulla: Inner (divided into renal pyramids) Pelvis: drainage area in center |
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What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney? |
Nephron |
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What makes up a nephron? |
A tubule and a vascular component |
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What supplies each nephron? |
Afferent arteriole |
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What is the ball like knot of caillaries in renal cortex; also the site of filtration of the blood. |
Glomerulus |
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What surrounds the tubules that supply the renal tissue with blood and exchange materials with the tubular fluid? |
Peritubular capillaries |
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What is the function of the Bowman's capsule? |
Glomerular filtration |
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What part of the renal tubule acts in reabsorption and secretion? |
Proximal tubule |
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What is the site of osmoconcentration? Is it in the medulla or the cortex? |
Loop of Henle Medulla |
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What part of the renal tubule works with osmoconcentration that empties into the renal pelvis? |
Collecting duct |
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What is the sensor in osmoregulation and blood pressure regulation? |
Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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What nephrons are located in the outer cortex and the short loops of Henle in the medulla? |
Cortical |
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What nephrons are located in the inner cortex near the inner medulla |
Juxtaglomerular nephrons |
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What are the three layers of the molecular sieve? |
Glomerular capillary wall Basement membrane Inner layer of Bowman's capsule |
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Is filtration an intracellular or extracellular process? |
Extracellular |
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What forces favor filtration in the urinary system? |
Glomerular Capillary blood pressure (55 mmHg) Net Filtration Pressure (10 mmHg) |
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What forces oppose filtration? |
Plasma Colloid Osmotic pressure (30 mmHg) Bowamans capsule hydrostatic pressure (15 mmHg) |
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What is the formula for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
GFR = Filtration coefficient x net filtration pressure |
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What is the GFR in an adult human? |
115-125 ml/min or 180 liters/day |
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What does Glomerular filtration rate depend on? |
Net filtration pressure, surface area, permeability |
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What are the controlled adjustments in Glomerular Filtration Rate? |
1. Increased resistance in afferent arterioles 2. Autoregulation 3. Increased sympathetic activity |
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Where in the kidney does the reabsorption of most substances occur? |
Proximal tubule |
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What percent of the kidneys' total energy requirement is used for Na+ transport |
80% |
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How is water absorbed in the kidney? |
Passive absorption |
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What part of the kidney is impermeable to water? |
Ascending loop of Henle |
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Which aquaporin (AQP) channel is regulated by vasopressin and where are they located? |
AQP 2 channels In distal tubule |
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How is glucose and amino acid reabsorbed in the kidney? |
Secondary active transport to Na+ |
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What percent of urea is reabsorbed? |
40% |
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What cells secrete renin into the blood in a response to a fall in Na +. |
Glanular cells of the juxtaglmomular apparatus |
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What cells respond to a fall in distal tubular NaCl and stimulates renin secretion? |
Macula cells |
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What cells trigger increased sympathetic activity which stimulates renin secretion? |
Baroreceptor reflex |
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What system uses cells for the secretion of renin and why? |
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Blood pressure regulation and dehydration |
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What is the primary stimulus for aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex? |
Angiotensin II |
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What are the four steps in external respiration? |
1. Ventilation 2. Respiratory exchange 3. Circulation 4. Cellular Exchange |
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Type of respiration when air goes through opening and out through another |
Flow- through breathing |
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Which gas exchange is more efficient, tidal or flow-through breathing? |
Flow through breathing |
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What do type 1 alveolar cells do? |
Gas exchange |
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What do type 2 alveolar cells do? |
Produce pulmonary surfactant which facilitate alveolar expansion |
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What permits airflow between adjacent alveoli |
Pores of Kohn |
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What is the equation to find Alveolar Ventilation |
Alveolar Ventilation= (TV - dead space) x RR |
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What are the diseases/ viruses that interfere with gas exchange? |
Pulmonary edema Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia |
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What is cellular pO2 and pCO2? |
pO2 = 40 mmHg pCO2= 46 mmHg |
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What is the most important factor determining % hemoglobin saturation? |
pO2 |
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Carbon monoxide poisoning is known as |
Anemic Hypoxia |
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What is the name for congestive heart failure? |
Circulatory hypoxia |
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What is the name for cyanide poisoning? |
Histotoxic hypoxia |
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Excess CO2 in the arterial blood is known as ________ and caused by _____________. |
Hypercapnia Hypoventilation |
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_________ is below normal arterial pCO2 caused by ____________ |
Hypocapnia Hyperventilation |
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Changes in blood CO2 mainly affect _________. |
acid-base balance |
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The portion of the cardiovascular system that determines distribution of cardiac output it |
Arterioles |
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About 60% of the blood is stored in the ______ |
Veins |
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In the abnormalities of arterial pO2, _______ hypoxia is caused by lowered oxygen carrying capacity of blood ( e.g. carbon monoxide poisoning) |
anemic |
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Majority of CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of ____________ |
bicarbonate |
