Exam 3

Front 1

________ ansewered the question; Where is heredity info stored in the cell?

Back 1

Hammerling

Front 2

Hammerling chose _________ for his experiment bcuz he needed cells ______ enough to operate on conviently and __________ enough to distinguish the peices.

Back 2

Acetabularia;Large;Differentiated

Front 3

So, Hammerling figured out that the _______ contains Heredity Info(1930)

Back 3

Nucleaus

Front 4

_____ and _____ tested Hammerlings hypothesis

Back 4

Briggs; King

Front 5

Each _______ in any eukaryotic cell contains a full set of _______ instructions

Back 5

Nucleaus; Genetic

Front 6

The ________ directs the development

Back 6

Nucleaus

Front 7

______ the units of heredity info

Back 7

Genes

Front 8

_______ contain protein and DNA

Back 8

Chromosones

Front 9

________ was a microbiologist who made observations while experimenting with pathogenic bacteria

Back 9

Griffith

Front 10

_______ did experiment with mice which he performed the _________ of _________.(1928)

Back 10

Griffith;transformation;bacteria

Front 11

_________ is the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

Back 11

Transformation

Front 12

________ can alter the genetic makeup of the recipient cell

Back 12

Transformation

Front 13

________ Info can pass from dead cells to living ones,transforming them.

Back 13

Heredity

Front 14

Avery,MacLeod and McCarty characterized Griffiths experiment to what they referred to as the _________ _________.

Back 14

Transforming Principle

Front 15

Avery,MacLeod and McCarty figured out that the Transforming Principle resembled ____ in many ways

Back 15

DNA

Front 16

______,________,________: Transforming Substance is DNA (1944)

Back 16

Avery,MacLeod nad McCarty

Front 17

______ and ______ experimented with bacteriophages

Back 17

Hershy and Chase

Front 18

_________ are viruses that affect bacteria

Back 18

Bacteriophages

Front 19

Hershy and Chase used the bacteriophage ___ which contains DNA rather than RNA

Back 19

T2

Front 20

______ experiments demonstrate that ____ is Griffiths transforming material

Back 20

Avery's;DNA

Front 21

The Heredity material of bactriophages is ____ and not protein

Back 21

DNA

Front 22

_______ and ______: DNA is Heredity Material of Viruses(1952)

Back 22

Hershy and Chase

Front 23

_______ and _______:Structure of DNA (1953)

Back 23

Watson and Crick

Front 24

What does DNA stand for?

Back 24

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Front 25

DNA is the Heredity Material of all kingdoms of _____ and most ________.

Back 25

Life;Viruses

Front 26

Meishers nuclein came to be called ______ ______.

Back 26

Nucleic Acid

Front 27

Biochemist,______ Found that a DNA molecule contains _________ units of the 3 main components

Back 27

Levene;Repeating

Front 28

_______: Discovered DNA(Nuclein) 1869

Back 28

Meisher

Front 29

The 3 main components of DNA and RNA molecules are...

Back 29

Phosphate,Sugar and Nitrogenious Bases

Front 30

Each unit consisting of a sugar attatched to a phosphate group and a base is called a ________.

Back 30

Nucleotide

Front 31

DNA is a ________ stable molecule(no2'-OH)

Back 31

Chemically

Front 32

The Phophate group is attatched to the __ ______ atom of a sugar and the base is attatched to the __ carbon atom.
Also, a free hydroxyl group,____, is attatched to the ___ Carbon atom

Back 32

5' Carbon;1';-OH;3'

Front 33

The 5' _______ and 3'______ groups allow DNA and RNA to form long chains of _________ becuz these 2 groups can react chemically with eachother

Back 33

phosphate;hydroxyl;nucleotides

Front 34

The reaction b/w the phosphate group and the hydroxyl group is a _______ _________,that links the 2 groups...This linkage is called a __________ bond

Back 34

Dehydration Synthesis;Phosphodiester

Front 35

Chargoffs Rules:1)The proportion of __(______) always equals that of ___(_______)and the proportion of ___(_______) always equals that of ___(_______)
2)It follows that there is always an equal proportion of _______(A and G) and _________(C and T)

Back 35

A(adenine);T(thymine);G(guanine);C(cytosine)
Purines;Pyrmidines

Front 36

A single strand of DNA or RNA consists of a series of ______ joined together in a long chain

Back 36

nucleotides

Front 37

_______ carried out an X-Ray diffraction analysis of DNA

Back 37

Franklin

Front 38

Watson and Crick:Each DNA molecule is actually made up of __ chains of nucleotides that are ________-----the ______ _______.

Back 38

2;intertwined;Double Helix

Front 39

The DNA strands are ____________

Back 39

Complementry

Front 40

Who revealed a regular pattern explained by antiparallel double helix?

Back 40

Franklin

Front 41

DNA has a ________ replication

Back 41

semiconservative

Front 42

Sequence of nucleotides encodes functional ____ or ________ (a Gene)

Back 42

RNA;Polypeptide

Front 43

Before discovery of DNA,regular distribution of _________ suggested that they contain heredity info

Back 43

chromosones

Front 44

_______/________ using Drosophils Melanogaster showed that genes are on chromosones(1910s)

Back 44

Bridges/Morgan

Front 45

Double stranded DNA always has the antiparallel configuration,with one strand running __ to __ and the other running __ to __

Back 45

5' to 3';3'to 5'

Front 46

_______ and ______ desighned the 3-D Structure of DNA in 1953

Back 46

Watson and Crick

Front 47

The double helix of polynucleotides are ________ and and have __ to __ phosphodiester bonds

Back 47

antiparallel;3' to 5'

Front 48

The base pairs are held by ________ ______.
AT=__ hydrogen bonds
GC=___ hydrogen bonds

Back 48

Hydrogen Bonds;2;3

Front 49

~__ bp per turn of helix

Back 49

10

Front 50

The DNA model provides access to DNA binding proteins regulating _______ structure and _____ expression

Back 50

Chromatin;gene

Front 51

The DNA Model has _______ power:_____ of DNA Replication and ______ of genetic info

Back 51

Predictive;Mode;Encoding

Front 52

The DNA replication is called __________ bcuz the sequence of the original duplex is conserved after one round of replication,the duplex itself is not.
Instead,each part of the duplex becomes part of another ______.

Back 52

Semiconservative;duplex

Front 53

Name 3 hypotheses of DNA Replication

Back 53

Semiconservative,Conservative and Dispersed

Front 54

The Melson and Stahl experiment showed that the DNA model was __________.
They used ___,which is ______ ________

Back 54

Semiconservative;15N;Heavy Nitrogen

Front 55

The Conservative Model consists of....

Back 55

One double helix of both old strands and One double helix of 2 new strands

Front 56

The dispersed Model...

Back 56

Mixture of old and new DNA

Front 57

Prokaryotes,EColi have __ DNA Polymerases

Back 57

3

Front 58

In Prokaryotes DNA Polymerase ___ is the main enzyme for DNA Replication

Back 58

3

Front 59

In Eukaryotes,there are ___ DNA Polymerases for Replication

Back 59

6

Front 60

All DNA Polymerases require a ______

Back 60

primer

Front 61

A ______ is a short stretch of DNA or RNA nucleotides hydrogen-bonded to its polynucleotide strand

Back 61

Primer

Front 62

DNA Polymerases can only _______ in one direction.
They extend strands in a __ to __ direction by copying a template that is __ to __

Back 62

synthesize;5' to3';3' to 5'

Front 63

The action of DNA Polymerases is to add new nucleotides to the __ ___ of a primer

Back 63

3' OH

Front 64

DNA Polymerases cannot remove nucleotides.
True/False

Back 64

False, they can remove them and so are called nucleases

Front 65

DNA Replication:2 Strands
Leading Strand:________ ________
Lagging Strand:_______ _________

Back 65

Continuous Replication;Discontinuous Replication

Front 66

The Lagging Strand has multiple _________ ________ and is joined by ____ ______

Back 66

Okazaki fragments;DNA Ligase

Front 67

_______:Synthesize RNA primer

Back 67

Primase

Front 68

DNA Polymerase 1, ______ primer and fills _____

Back 68

removes;gaps

Front 69

Helicase,Primase,Single stranded binding proteins,DNA Gyrase,DNA Polymerase 3 and DNA Polymerase 1 are all involved in the ___ _________ _______

Back 69

DNA Replication Complex

Front 70

In DNA Replication,new strands are oriented in _______ direction due to 5' to 3' constraint

Back 70

opposite

Front 71

Polynucleotide grows at the __ end

Back 71

3'

Front 72

All nucleotide addition is at ___ OH end of sugar
No exceptions to this rule

Back 72

3'

Front 73

Result in DNA Replication is __ to __ replication and this is common in all ____ and ____ and it also suggests a common _____

Back 73

5';3';DNA;RNA;Origin

Front 74

In DNA Replication, incoming _____ provide energy

Back 74

dNTPs

Front 75

DNA Primase is actually a ____ _______

Back 75

RNA Polymerase

Front 76

The enzyme responsible for opening up the helix in front of the polymerase is the DNA ______

Back 76

Helicase

Front 77

DNA _______ can employ the energy from the hydrolysis ATP to unwind ___ ______

Back 77

Helicase;DNA Strands

Front 78

An enzyme that can remove the torsional strain is ___ ______.This strain must be removed in order to ____ the DNA Helix

Back 78

DNA Gyrase;Open

Front 79

_____ ______,a form of topoisomerase is a group of enzymes that can alter the ________ state of DNA

Back 79

DNA Gyrase;Topological

Front 80

_____ ______ _______ ______ covers the exposed single strands when DNA is unwound

Back 80

Single-Strand Binding Protein

Front 81

DNA Polymerase __ removes primers with its 3' to 5' _______ activity and then replaces this with DNA

Back 81

1;exonuclease

Front 82

DNA is a ________ stable molecule(no2'-OH)

Back 82

Chemically

Front 83

In sugar, __ Carbon atoms with an _______ atom form a 5 membered ring.
The Carbon atoms are numbered __ to __ proceeding clockwise from the oxygen atom

Back 83

4;Oxygen;1';5'

Front 84

The 5' _______ and 3'______ groups allow DNA and RNA to form long chains of _________ becuz these 2 groups can react chemically with eachother

Back 84

phosphate;hydroxyl;nucleotides

Front 85

Linear strands of DNA an RNA, no matter how long will almost always have a free __ _______ group at one end and a __ ______ group at the other

Back 85

5'Phosphate;3'Hydroxyl

Front 86

Chargoffs rules in DNA:_______ amounts
__=___ and __=__

Back 86

equimolar;A=T and G=C

Front 87

The chemical structure of DNA contains Chargoffs rules and ________
5'-pGpTpCpGpTpApApTp-OH3'

Back 87

Polynucleotides

Front 88

Fanklin used DNA in the form of ______.
The info she obtained suggested that the DNA molecule had the shape of a _______ and a complete _______ turn

Back 88

fibers;helix;helical

Front 89

Watson and Crick:Each DNA molecule is actually made up of __ chains of nucleotides that are ________-----the ______ _______.

Back 89

2;intertwined;Double Helix

Front 90

Sequence of nucleotides encodes functional ____ or ________ (a Gene)

Back 90

RNA;Polypeptide

Front 91

Before discovery of DNA,regular distribution of _________ suggested that they contain heredity info

Back 91

chromosones

Front 92

_______/________ using Drosophils Melanogaster showed that genes are on chromosones(1910s)

Back 92

Bridges/Morgan

Front 93

Double stranded DNA always has the antiparallel configuration,with one strand running __ to __ and the other running __ to __

Back 93

5' to 3';3'to 5'

Front 94

The DNA strands have bases extending into the _______ of the _____.
The bases from opposite strands form _____ _____ with eachother to join the 2 complentry strands

Back 94

interior;helix;base pairs

Front 95

Watson and Cricks famous paper appeared on ______ ___,_____ in the journal _______.

Back 95

April 25,1953;Nature

Front 96

The double helix of polynucleotides are ________ and and have __ to __ phosphodiester bonds

Back 96

antiparallel;3' to 5'

Front 97

The base pairs are held by ________ ______.
AT=__ hydrogen bonds
GC=___ hydrogen bonds

Back 97

Hydrogen Bonds;2;3

Front 98

The DNA model provides access to DNA binding proteins regulating _______ structure and _____ expression

Back 98

Chromatin;gene

Front 99

The DNA Model has _______ power:_____ of DNA Replication and ______ of genetic info

Back 99

Predictive;Mode;Encoding

Front 100

____ _______ creates a phosphodiester bond b/w adjacent Okazaki Fragments

Back 100

DNA Ligase

Front 101

The _______ _____ is the site of opening of the DNA strands where active replication occurs

Back 101

Replication Fork

Front 102

DNA Polymerase ___ is thought to function during DNA _____ and not during replication

Back 102

2;repair

Front 103

The Polymerase found at the replication fork is polymerase __

Back 103

3

Front 104

The ______ is a macromolecular protein machine that accomplishes the fast and accurate replication of DNA during cell division

Back 104

Replisome

Front 105

DNA Replication starts at the _____(ORI)and proceeds ________.When this happens the forks move _____ from eachother and each fork has _______ and ________ strands

Back 105

Origin;bidirectionally;away;leading;lagging

Front 106

The main replication polymerase in eukaryotes is called DNA polymerase _____

Back 106

Alpha

Front 107

Eukaryotic chromosones have ______ origins of replication

Back 107

multiple

Front 108

The biggest difference b/w eukaryotic and prokaryotic replication is the sheer amount of ___ and how it is ________

Back 108

DNA;Packaged

Front 109

______: Inherited Disorders Can Involve Specific Enzymes

Back 109

Garrod

Front 110

______: Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Back 110

Garrod

Front 111

______ concluded that patients suffering from ________ lack the enzyme that is necessary----enzyme diffciency

Back 111

Garrod;Alkaptonuria

Front 112

Beadle and Tatum conducted a genetic and biochemical analysis in _______

Back 112

Neurospora

Front 113

Beadle and Tatum came up with the hypothesis ___-____/___-_____

Back 113

one-gene/one-enzyme

Front 114

Beadle and Tatum concluded that genes produce their effects by specifying the structure of ______ and that each _____ encodes the structure of 1 enzyme

Back 114

enzymes;gene

Front 115

Today,_____ is a sequence of nucleotides encoding functional ___ molecule or the _____ _____ sequence of a polypeptide

Back 115

DNA;RNA;Amino Acid