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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 stages to food processing
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Ingestion
Digestion Absorption Elimination |
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Mouth
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mechanical/chemical breakdown and digestion of carbohydrates by enzyme- amylase
mastication |
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chyme
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mix of acid and juices in stomach
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pharynx
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transport food
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esophagus
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swallow
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stomach
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protein digestion
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small intestine
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nutrients absorbed
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large intestine
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fat break down
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Amylase
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digest carbs and starches
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nutrition
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study of relationship between food and health
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nutrient
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substance, contained in food, that does at least one of three things:
-provide energy -provide structural building block for body -regulate cellular metabolism |
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6 classes of nutrients
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Lipids-Carbs-Proteins-Minerals-Vitamins-Water
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Digestion Process
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Mouth-Pharynx-Esophagus-Stomach-Small Intestine-Large Intestine-Rectum-Anus
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Defecation
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elimination of waste (poop)
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General purpose of circulation
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transportation of blood
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Respiratory vs. Circulatory
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R: Aveoli and bronchioles; captures oxygen and send carbon dioxide out
C: transports; heart, blood, bv |
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Pulmonary Circulation
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to lungs
right side |
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Systemic Circulation
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to all tissues
left side |
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3 types of blood vessels
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artery, vein, capillary
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artery
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carries blood away from heart
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vein
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carries blood to the lungs
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capillary
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gas exchange
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Blood turned into ______ ______, which turns into _______.
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Formed elements; Plasma
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Formed Elements
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Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets
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Red Blood Cells
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Erythrocytes; hemoglobin, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide from parts of body
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White Blood Cells
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Leukocytes; control your immune system
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Platelets
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Thrombocytes; clogs
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Plasma
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Liquid portion
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Hemoglobin
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what gives it the RED color in RBC
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Heart Disorders
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Heart Attack and Atherosclerosis
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Heart Attack
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blockage of one or more coronary arteries
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Atherosclerosis
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plaques of fatty material on inner walls of arteries
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blood pressure
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the force that blood exerts on wall of blood vessels as a result of pumping of the heart.
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regular blood pressure
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120/80
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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systolic
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top number of BP (Contracts)
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diastolic
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bottom number of BP (relaxes)
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Why do cells divide?
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Growth, Repair, Reproduce
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Asexual Reproduction
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Plants
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DNA carries all the genetic material used for your body.
True or False |
TRUE!
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Chromatin
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combined chemical complex of DNA and proteins (just before cell division)
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chromosomes
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composed of DNA and associated proteins (humans have 46, arranged in 23 pairs)
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sister chromatids
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one chromosome composed of 2 identical sister chromatids
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the cell cycle
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a repeating sequence of growth, replication of DNA, and cell division (2 phases)Interphase & Mitotic
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The two phases of the cell cycle are _____ and _________.
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Interphase; Mitotic
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Mitosis
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division of nucleus, occurs in somatic (body) cells.. 4 phases PMAT
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4 phases of Mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm;
cell plate - plant cleavage furrow - animal |
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Purpose of Mitosis
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cell growth and repair
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Interphase
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G1 phase ( growth )
S phase ( synthesis )<DNA G2 phase ( growth ) |
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Mitotic Phase
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Mitosis - nuclear cell division
cytokinesis - cytoplasm division |
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Replication of DNA Process
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1) Replication - DNA is duplicated
2) Mitosis - 2 quantities of DNA are moved to opposite sides of parent cell 3) Cytokinesis - parent cell splits into 2 daughter cells |
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Prophase
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DNA has been duplicated; can see chromosomes
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Metaphase
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chromosomes align on a plane in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
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Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
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Telophase
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2 new nuclei are formed
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Meiosis is referred to as _______________________.
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the reduction division because it goes from a diploid cell (2N) to 4 haploid cells.
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Crossing over
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the exchange of information (prophase 1)
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Independent Assortment
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random distribution (metaphase 1)
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Why do organisms need to have both meiosis and mitosis for reproduction?
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If it was just Mitosis, everyone would look the same!
Meiosis - 4 haploid cells, so different!! |
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Gregor Mendel
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father of genetics;
cross pollinated pea plants |
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phenotype
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organisms appearance 3:1
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genotype
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1:2:1 genetic makeup
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dominant
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happens more frequently
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recessive
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masked
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homozygous
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the same;
can be : DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE TT or tt |
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heterozygous
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different;
Tt |
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Alleles
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an alternative form of a gene (organisms have 2)
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Monohybrid Cross
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one trait
PP x pp = Pp - heterozygous |
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Law of segregation
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separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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Law of Independent Assortment
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during gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another
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dihybrid cross
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2 traits
9:3:3:1 |
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Most Common Human Genetic Diseases
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Downs Syndrome - mental retardation
Turner Syndrome - Sterility, short stature Klinefelter Syndrome - dysfunctional testicles, feminized features |
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Non-Disjunction
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abnormal number of chromosomes (ie. down syndrome)
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How do you define the probability that a person who is a carrier for any one of these genetic mutations will pass it on to offspring?
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Through a medical pedigree
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