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639 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another word for urinary system
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renal system
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Outer area of kidney with glomerular apparatus
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Renal cortex
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Inner area of kidney devoid of glomeruli, but containing collections of tubules
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Renal medulla
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nephrotomes of all vertebrates; it has a segmented appearance."
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Pronephros
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where is the pronephros functional?
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"The pronephros is functional in
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Kidneys (and gonads) develop from___
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Mesomere
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What happens to what is not absorbed?
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passes into collecting ducts and exits body as urine
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Does the pronephros degenerate?
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Yes, eventually. But the pronephric duct persists to serve the more posterior nephrons
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What is pronephros replaced by when it degenerates?
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Mesonephros
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WHat does mesonephros consist of
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A group of tubules from teh middle part of the nephric ridge; it is in almost all fishes and amphibians
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What is the mesnopheric duct an extension of?
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The pronephric duct
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What is the mesonephros called in its adult form?
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Opisthonephros
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In many male fishes, since opisthonephric duct and its tubules are not connected to golumeruli, from where is sperm conveyed?
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From the testis via the efferent ductules and epididymis
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The kidney of adult Amniota (a synapomorphy)
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Metanephros
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Another word for metanephric duct
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Ureter
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What remains as sperm ducts in male amniotes and degenerates in females?
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Mesonephric duct
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Which has more nephrons - metanephros or opisthonephros?
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Metanephros
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What is a general term for the collecting duct of the kidney?
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Archinephric duct
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Hagfish's kidneys return water, salts, glucose, and other substances to the circulatory system, but excerete nitrogenous wastes and excess salts. What are they?
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Osmoconformers
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What do most craniates (not hagfish) do?
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Osmoregulate
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What was most likely the first renal function?
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Excretion
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Direct excretion of ammonia
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Ammonotelism
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Eliminate ammonia as uric acid
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Uricotelism
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Eliminate ammonia as urea
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Ureotelism
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Which is more toxic - Ammonia, uric acid, or urea?
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Ammonia
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Most marine vertebrates are ___ to sea water but ___ to freshwater.
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Most marine vertebrates are hypotonic to sea water but hypertonic to freshwater.
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In freshwater fishes and amphibians, nitrogen is eliminated as ammonia via ___ or as ___ via kidneys.
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Gills ; Urea
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What problem do marine bony fish have?
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Losing too much water
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Do freshwater fish have small or large renal corpuscles?
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Large
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Do marine fish have small or large renal corpuscles?
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Small
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Which are the only vertebrates to retain urea?
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Cartilaginous fishes
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What do birds and reptiles excrete?
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water-insoluble uric acid
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What do mammals excrete?
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Urea
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Which animal-type has the most efficient kidney at returning water to the blood?
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Mammalian kidneys
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Who is the loops of Henle unique to?
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Mammals
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Do agnathans have a urninary bladder?
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No
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Does urinary bladder in fish store urine?
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No
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In tetrapods, the urinary bladder develops as a ventral evagination of the_____.
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Cloaca
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Stores urine and acts as a reservoir for water in times of dehydration
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Urinary bladder
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A fetal excretory organ of amniotes
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Allantois
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Bladder of turtles
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Sphenodon
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What is the urinary bladder made of in mammals?
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Part of allantois and from the urodeum
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A subdivision of the cloaca
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Urodeum
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In therian mammals, where does the bladder empty into?
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Urethra
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In tetrapods(except therian mammals), where does the bladder empty into?
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Cloaca
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Controls salt or water flow
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Osmoregulator
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Animal adjusts electrolyetes to body
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Osmoconformer
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Can tolerate a wide reange of osmotic environments (such as salmon living in salt water and can migrate to fresh water) ; wide ranges in saline content
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Euryhaline
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Very narrow range in which they can survive
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Stenohaline
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Eliminates wastes, primarily ammonia (nitrogen waste) and conserves water and electrolytes
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Renal system
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What are components of the renal system
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"-Kidney
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What is the kidney's filtration unit?
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Glomerulus
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What is the kidney's concentrating/ductile system?
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Uriniferous tubule
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Where do collecting tubes come together?
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Minor and Major calyx
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What is the final excretory port?
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Urethra/cloaca
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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Nephron (nephric tubule) which forms urine
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Which unit of the kidney concentrates and conveys urine to minor calyx?
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Collecting tubule
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What do kidneys form from?
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Form from within intermeiate mesoderm which expands to form the nephric ridge
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What grows into nephrotome?
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Glomerulus from renal artery
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What forms teh nephric duct?
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Lateral end of nephrotome growing outward to join successive nephrotomes
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What are the 3 locations within the nephric ridge from which kidney develops?
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"-Pronephros - anterior
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Combined metanephros with residual mesonephros
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Opisthonephros
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Transient structure in all vertebrate embryos but not typically functional in higher vertebrates?
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Pronephros
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Functional in adult fishes and amphibians
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Opisthonephros
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Kidney of all amniotes
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Metanephros
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Grows up into nephric ridge to stimulate differentiation into nephrons
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Ureteric diverticulum
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What does the end of ureteric diverticulum form?
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Collecting tubules
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In hagfish, what becomes functional kidney?
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Mesonephros
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Who has the most primitive kidney (pronephros)
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Cyclostomes
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In amphibians, what other organ transports sperms?
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Anterior kidney tubules
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In amniotes, are pronephric tubules formes?
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Rarely
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In amniotes, what is the embryonic kidney?
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Mesonephros
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Why do birds and mammals have the greatest ability to concentrate urine?
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Because of longated intermediate tubules
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Which organism can do all three: uricotelism, ammonotelism, and ureotelism?****
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Turtle
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What does teh amphibian in larval stage excrete?
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Ammonia
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What does the amphibian in adult stage excrete?
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Urea
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In freshwater, body is ____ compared to water.
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Hyperosmotic
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Salt water is ___ compared to the body.
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Hypoosmotic
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Osmotically tolerant species
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Euryhaline
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Narrow osmotic range tolerance
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Stenohaline
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-In birds, it is paired orbital"
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Salt glands; they can all maintain salt balance
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In mammals, where do ureters empty?
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Directly into bladder
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What was urinary bladder lost in?
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"-Snakes
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Do crocodilians have urinary bladdeR?
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No
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Which birds do not have urinary bladders?
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Ostrich
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Egg develop outside the mother's reproductive tract; example is chicken, bird, etc.
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Oviparity
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Capable of reproducing more than once (multiple times, not multiple offspring)
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Iteroparity
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Capable of reproducing only once
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Semelparity
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Eggs develop inside female's reproductive tract without any additional nutrients beyond yolk
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Ovovivparity
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Egg develops inside female's reproductive tract with additional nutrients beyond yolk
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Viviparity
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No placenta present, so nutrients and gas exchange occur via other menas
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Aplacental viviparity
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Placental exchange surface present (all mammals)
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Placental viviparity
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These two reproductive patterns require internal fertilization
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Ovoviviparity and viviparity
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Has the basic function of prpagation of the species
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Reproductive system
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Basic components of male system
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"-Testis (seminiferous tubules, rete testis)
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Basic components of female reproductive system
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"-Ovary
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Germ cell center of female reproductive tract
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Ovary
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Where did the genital ridge outcrop from?
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Nephric ridge
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Where do germ cells migrate from?
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Endoderm
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in what do primary sex cords develop in testis
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Medulla
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In what do secondary sex cords develop in ovary
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Cortex
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Thickening of mesenchyme becomes....
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Germinal epithelium
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In embryonic development, the thick connective tissue that holds the whole structure together (testis or ovary)
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Tunica albuginea
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What happens to archinephric duct in females, and why?
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It degenerates because female has no function for it because a ureter develops
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What does the archinephric duct in males become?
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Va Deferens (transport tube for sperm male)
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What do mesonehpric tubules in males become?
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Become the testis
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General term for pronephric duct/mesonephric duct
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Archinephric duct
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General term for wolffian duct
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Archinephric duct
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Genearl term for Opisthonephric duct
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Archinephric duct
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General term for ductus deferens (vas deferens)
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Archinephric duct
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General term for Oviduct
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Mullerian duct
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General term for ureter
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Metanephric duct
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What develops when the third kidney (metanephros) seperates
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Ureter develops
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What does the mesonephric duct become
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Wolffian system
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What is only found in males, when the male genes kick in
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Ductus
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In which duct are uterus and follopian tubes, horns, etc. that develop in females found.
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Mullerian duct
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Which duct drains metanephros
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Metanephric duct
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What develops when male genes dont kick in?
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Female tract
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In males, what becomes vas deferens?
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Archinephric duct or mesonephric duct
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What becomes efferent ductules in males?
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Mesnopheric tubules
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Which cells go through meiosis to become the actual ovum?
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Primordial germ cells
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What cells, when the follicle has been ovulated, become the corpus luteum?
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Fecal cells
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What is unique about modern day teleosts' ovaries?
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"Ovary is hollow (ovulation is to inner lumen of ovary and there is a sepearate and distinct ovarian duct in teleosts)
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What is the functional kidney is amphibians?
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Opisthonephric
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What is the functional kidney in birds and reptiles?
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Metanephros
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What is the site of fertliziation in uterine?
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Oviduct
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What is the terminal part of oviduct
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Uterus
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Which type of uterus has a very small body and long uterine horns (typical of cow/sheep uterus)
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Bipartitie uterus
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Which type of uterus has larger body and distinct horns (such as that of lamma and pigs etc.)
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Bicornuate uterus
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Which type of uterus has one body and one horns fusion (such as in humans)
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Simplex uterus
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What is unique about marsupials as the right/left lateral vaginas that come into a vaginal sunus have a duplex seperate uterine horns coming into sinus?
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Duplex uterus
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What are primary sex cords to become
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Testis
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What is tunica albuginea in females?
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Central structure
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What is tunica albuginea in males?
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Outer fibrous capsule
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What would bulge out if you sectioned testes?
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Seminiferous tubules because tunica albuginia holds it together
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Do cyclostomes have a duct system?
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No
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What do cyclostomes do instead of using duct systems?
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Direct to coelom, extrernal through pores
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What animal has a dual role in archinephric duct?
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Lungfish
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What is a clasper the intermittent Ereprodctive organ of?
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Elasmobranch
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What is a gonopodium the intermittent reproductive organ of?
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Some fish
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What is a hemipenes the intermittent reproductive organ of?
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Lizards, snakes
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What is a penis the intermittent reproductive organ of?
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Some birds, turtles, crocodiles, mammals
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Problems with external fertilization?
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Dilution; challenge of getting close apposition of cloaca to make sure sperm cells get to where they are supposed to
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What is the salamander's male reproductive process?
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Spermatophore
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What is a spermatophore?
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Looks like a mushroom - but top of it the male will produce its sperm and attach it to the ground; female just walks over it, positions cloaca above it and sperm cells migrate their way up; used in salamanders
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What is teh bone found in penis of many mammal called?
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Baculum or Os Penis
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Where does the cloaca receive content from?
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"-Kidney
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What does coprodeum seperate?
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Intestines
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What does urodeum separate?
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Urinary/genital
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What does proctodeum separate?
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Copulation, penile development in male
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What are the only mammals in which a cloaca is found?
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Monotremes
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Is claoca found in teleosts and most mammals?
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No
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What is the ancestral condition of reproductive patterns?
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External fertilization
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What is oviparity?
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Egg layers
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Benefits of oviparity?
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"-Female does not carry young for extended time period
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What is viviparity?
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Live birth
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Benefits of viviparity?
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"-Young develop in stable evironment
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Which species can delay fertilization?
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Kangaroos can delay fertilization; if she's pregnant - a second pregnancy happens - she goes into hold until the first nursing is done
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What are delays in fertilization, embryo development, and impllantation used for?
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Attempts to ensure survival of newborn animal
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Two parts of nervous system
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"-Central nervous system (CNS)
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What does CNS control
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Brain and spinal cord
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What does PNS control
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all nerve outside CNS
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Receives stimuli from 1 or more receptors
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Afferent
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Transmits information to effectors
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Efferent
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Type of transmission that is for muscle action
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Mechanical
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Type of transmission that is for glandular secretions
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Chemical
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Two types of efferent mechanisms
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Mechanical and chemical
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What do neuroglial (glia) cells do?
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They have supportive functions
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Cell type for nutrient support
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Astrocytes
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Cell type for protective (immunologic) support?
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Microglial cells
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Cell type for insulation of axon (mylinated vs. demylinated)
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Oligodendroglia (Schwann cells)
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Cell type for line central canal of spinal cord/brain
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Ependymal
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Structural and functional unit of the nervous sytem
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Neurons
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Specialized for long distance transmissionof electrical stimuli
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Neurons
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4 types of glial cells
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"Astrocytes
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Which cells line the ventrical/central spinal canal of the brain?
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Ependymal cells
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A cell body of a neuron
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Perikaryon
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Processes of perikaryon
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Dendrites
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Collection of nerve cell bodies, outside brain region
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Ganglion
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Nerve cell bodies inside brain
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Nucleus
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In the Peripheral nervous system it is nerves. In the Central nervous system it is a ____
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tract
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Cells that wrap around axon
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Schwann cells
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Cell body
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Perikaryon
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Nerve fibers
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Neurites
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One ore many nerve fibers
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Dendrites
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Only one nerve fiber
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Axon
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Collection of cell bodies in central nervous system
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Nucleus
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Collection of cell bodies in peripheral nervous system
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Ganglion
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Nerve is in the __ system
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Peripheral nervous system
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Tract is in the ___ system
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Central nervous system
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Increases speed of conduction
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Myleniation
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Cells that myelinate in central nervous system
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Oligodendroglial
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Cells that myelinate in peripheral nervous system
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Schwann cells
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Travel in plasma membrane of axon
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Nerve impulses
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Nerve impulse proportional to stimulus
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Graded potential
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"all or nothing" nerve impulses
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Action potentials
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What do nodes of ranvier do?
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Help speed up conduction
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Is synaptic trnasmission chemical or motor?
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Chemical; it releases stored neurotransmitter; and has re-uptake of transmitter
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What are two neurotransmitters
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"Acetylcholine
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What does acetylcholine do?
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Stimulates release; most proliphic neurothransmitter
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What do neurosceretory cells release to?
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Blood; has endocrine function
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Somatic nerve innervate what?
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Somatic tissues - muscle, skin, or their derivatives
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What does the spinal reflex arc do?
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Voluntary/involuntary control; like patellar reflex; nerves of peripheral nervous system
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Nerves of autonomic nervous system
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Visceral nerves
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What does visceral reflex arc do?
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Involuntary control; smooth muscle, glands, etc.
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What is afferent associated with?
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Sensory
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What is efferent associated with?
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Motor
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Is dorsal root sensory or motor? Afferent or efferent?
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Afferent and sensory
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Ventral root is sensory or motor? Afferent or efferent?
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Efferent and motor
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Difference between dorsal root and ventral root?
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Dorsal is afferent and sensory; Ventral root is efferent and motor
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Four parts of ganglis
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"-Dorsal root
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Where is visceral ganglion located?
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Within GI tracts
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Spinal cord is part of which system?
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Central nervous system
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Which system is visceral motor associated with?
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Autonomic
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Innervates the epaxial musculature and dermis
|
Dorsal ramus
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Somatic sensory special senses carry what information?
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Sensory afferentes from ear, lateral line, and electroreceptive organs
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Somatic sensory from general somatic sensory carry what information?
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Sensory afferents from pain, temperature and touch receptors in skin; is found in spinal and cranial nerves
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Special visceral sensory carries what information?
|
Sensory afferents from taste buds; restricted to certain cranial nerves
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General visceral sensory carries whhat information?
|
Sensory afferents from wall of visceral tube; found in spinal and cranial nerves
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What information does visceral motor (autonomic) carry?
|
Motor to glands and msucles of the visceral tube
|
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What information does somatic motor carry?
|
Motor to skeletal muscles of the body wall, including branchiomeric muscles
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Two sources where neurons develop
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"-Within developing spinal cord
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Spinal nerve is associated with developing adjacent ___ and ___.
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Myotome and dermatome
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Number of pairs of cranial nerves in most vertebrates?
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10 to 12 pairs
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Number of lateral line cranial nerves in fishes and amphibians
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Up to 6 pairs
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Number of cranial nerves in anamniotes
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17
|
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Which cranial nerve numbers are associated with dorsal nerves
|
"V, VII, IX, and X
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Which cranial nerves are associated with ventral nerves
|
"III, IV, VI, and XII
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 1
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Olfactory
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 2
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Optic
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 3
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Occulomotor
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 4
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Trochlear
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 5
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Trigeminal
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 6
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Abducens
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 7
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facial
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 8
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auditory
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 9
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glassopharyngeal
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Elasmobranch cranial nerves branch 10
|
vagus
|
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Where do dentists inject (which nerve)?
|
Trigeminal nerve- it's a sensory nerve that links to face, teeth, sinuses, etc.
|
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Pneumonic to memorize cranial nerves
|
On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
|
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Hops"
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"Olfactory
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Olfactory"
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Sensory
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Optic"
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Sensory
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Oculomotor"
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Motor
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Trochlear"
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Motor
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Trigeminal"
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Both sensory and motor
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Abducens"
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Motor
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Facial"
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Both sensory and motor
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Auditory"
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Sensory
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Glossopharyngeal"
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Both Sensory and motor
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Vagus"
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Both sensory and motor
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Spinal accesory"
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Motor
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Hypoglossal"
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Motor
|
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Neurotransmitter of somatic arc
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
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Neurotransmitter of visceral arc
|
Acetylcholine and norepinehrine
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Number of neurons in somatic arc
|
3 (or 2) in sensory; internuron in motor
|
|
|
Number of neurons in visceral arc
|
Four; sensory, interneuron, pre and postganglionic
|
|
|
Effector of somatic arc
|
Skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Effector of visceral arc
|
Cardiac and smooth muscle, glands
|
|
|
What are some sensory functions of ANS?
|
"-Blood pressure
|
|
|
What are motor functions of ANS?
|
Cardiac and smooth msucle, glands, all body viscera
|
|
|
What are visceral reflex in ANS?
|
Maintains internal environment
|
|
|
What maintains homeostasis?
|
Visceral reflex of ANS
|
|
|
What regulates fight or flight response?
|
Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar)
|
|
|
Neurons that synape in sympathetic chain ganglia
|
Preganglionic neurons
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters in preganglionic fibers
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters associated with norepinephrine
|
Postganglionic fibers
|
|
|
Cranial nerves associated with Parasympathetic divison (craniosacral)
|
"V, VII, IX, X
|
|
|
What does parasympathetic division (craniosacral) do?
|
Restores body to resting tate
|
|
|
Neurotrnasmitters associated with parasympathetic division
|
Acetylcholine only
|
|
|
Which nerve is "X" and what is its function?
|
Vagus nerve; controls entire GI tract; starts in brain and goes to end of colon as a single cell
|
|
|
What is the adrenal medulla innervated with (what type of neurons)?
|
Preganglionic neurons
|
|
|
What are 3 anatomic divisions for non-mammals?
|
"-Cranial autonimc (cranial nerves)
|
|
|
What is the myenteric plexus (auerbach's plexus)
|
Outer wall
|
|
|
What is submucosal plexus (meissner's plexus)
|
Muscle layer near lumen
|
|
|
Where are post ganglionic fibers in non-mammals coming from
|
Plexus
|
|
|
What are phylogenic differences amongst sensory and motor nerves between lamprey, lissamphbian and amniotes?
|
"-Lamprey; visceral motor neuron is separte and goes to visceral ramus
|
|
|
What are two componenets of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
|
"-Brain
|
|
|
What does CNS do in brain
|
"-Receives information from the environment via receptors, senses
|
|
|
What does CNS do in spinal cord
|
#NAME?
|
|
|
What does grey matter contain & what is it's position on brain and spinal cord
|
"-Neurons, cell bodies
|
|
|
What does white matter contain and what is it's position on brain and spinal cord
|
"-Axons, nerve tracts (white due to myelin)
|
|
|
Specialized lining structure of CNS
|
meninges
|
|
|
What are layers of meninges (from outer to inner)
|
"-Dura mater (tough, thick, outer)
|
|
|
CSF filled chambers within the brain
|
Ventricles
|
|
|
Fronds of cells, make cerebrospinal fluid
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Protective fluid that bathes and protects brain; also may carry chemical mediators
|
CSF
|
|
|
Layers of meninges
|
"D A P
|
|
|
What is the space between dura and arachnoid
|
Subdural space (artifact)
|
|
|
What is the space between arachnoid and pia?
|
Subarachnoid space (CSF)
|
|
|
What is the area below pia
|
Nerve bundles (white matter)
|
|
|
Which area has a lot of csf?
|
Subarachnoid space
|
|
|
Layer of meninges
|
"DSASP
|
|
|
What fills up lateral ventricles, and makes CSF to bathe the brain
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Embryologically, what gives rise to neural tube
|
Ectoderm (neural place) folds at the surface
|
|
|
Three embryonic regions that neural tube gives rise to (RMP)
|
"-Rhombencephalon (hind brain, most posterior - cerebellum, pons, medulla)
|
|
|
Hind brain; most posterior - includes cerebellum, pons, medulla
|
Rhombencephalon
|
|
|
Midbrain
|
Mesencephalon
|
|
|
Forebrain; cerebral cortex
|
Prosencephalon
|
|
|
Primary vesicles in developing brain
|
"R M P
|
|
|
What two things does prosencephalon give rise to?
|
"Telencephalon
|
|
|
What are secondary vesicles for Rhombencephalon
|
"Metencephalon
|
|
|
Which secondary vescile of the brain contains cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, and olfactory system
|
Telencephalon (part of prosencephalon)
|
|
|
Which secondary vescile of the brain containsthalamus, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, pineal retina, optic nerve, and mammilary bodies
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
What gives rise to midbrain
|
Mesencephalon
|
|
|
What gives rise to pons and cerebellum
|
Metencephalon
|
|
|
What gives rise to medulla
|
myelencephalon
|
|
|
Studies anatomic structures in relationship to their neurologic function
|
Neuroanatomy
|
|
|
Vital to life
|
Ubiquitous (referring to medulla oblongata)
|
|
|
Most distal portion of brain/most superior portion of spinal cord
|
Medulla oblongata
|
|
|
-Neuroanatomical pathway for ascending stimuli to the ""higher"" brain centers (cerebrum and cerebellum); descending stimuli to the spinal cord"
|
"-In medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves does medulla oblongata house?
|
12-Jun
|
|
|
What opening does the brain stem exit via, in the skull
|
Via foramen magnum
|
|
|
What does mass lesion herniation of brain have subsequent effects on
|
Respiratory centers
|
|
|
"Pontine nuclei" (metencephalon)
|
Pons
|
|
|
3) Arousal, respiration and other autonomic functions"
|
Pons
|
|
|
Knowing where your body is in space
|
Proprioception; function of pons
|
|
|
Adjusting to changes in body position
|
Compensatory movements; part of pons
|
|
|
"little brain" (metencephalon)
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
4) Motor learning (walking, jumping, flying, reaching, pointing, eye movements)"
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
This brain structure is well developed in organism that must perceive themselves in (space) currents and stay upright (fishes)
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
This part of brain has to do with motor learning - doing things wihtout thinking; process of walking. (since proprioception is taking place)
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Part of brain that receives and precesses sensory stimuli
|
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
|
|
|
Two groups of nucli in the midbrain
|
"Tectum (superior portion of midbrain)
|
|
|
What part of midbrain has visual stimuli and auditory stimuli
|
"Tectum
|
|
|
What part of midbrain initiates motor output to 3rd and 4th cranial nerves (eye movements)
|
Tegmentum
|
|
|
part of brain involved in fine tuing of motor movements
|
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
|
|
|
"Black-colored" cell bodies
|
Substantia nigra (part of midbrain)
|
|
|
Parkinsons disease is associated with absence of these neurons
|
Substantia nigra
|
|
|
-Optic nerve and retina"
|
Diencephalon (forebrain)
|
|
|
-Alertness, attention, arousal"
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Part of pituitary gland; endocrine system
|
Hypothalamus and neurohypophysis
|
|
|
Controls circadian rhythms
|
Pineal gland
|
|
|
Limbic system (controls emotion, behavior, and memory)
|
Mammillary bodies
|
|
|
Optic nerve and retina arise from what?
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Contains cerebral cortex; cerebrum and olfactory bulbs
|
Telencephalon
|
|
|
Grooves
|
Sulci
|
|
|
Folds
|
Gyri
|
|
|
White tracts
|
Commisures
|
|
|
Most anterior part of brain that gives rise to cerebal cortex and cerebrum
|
Telencephalon
|
|
|
Posteior is occiptal lobe"
|
|
|
|
What is frontal lobe associated with
|
Thought and higher thinking
|
|
|
What is parietal lobe associated with
|
Motor cortex and sensory cortex
|
|
|
What is occipital lobe associated with
|
Visual function
|
|
|
What does temporal lobe have a role in
|
Emotion
|
|
|
What is associated with speech
|
Broca's area
|
|
|
What is associated with speech but more so in terms of memory and what you call things
|
Wernicke's arean
|
|
|
Is the "visceral brain" and evolutionarily preserved
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus (temporal lobe of cortex), cingulate gyrus"
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
Which system influences heart rate, respiration, visceral activity and autonomic responses to emotion
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
What does damage to limbic system induce
|
Passivity
|
|
|
What system works with short term memory
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
Animal that fails to recall where food is hidden has a problem in which system?
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
-White matter axons of nerves"
|
Spinal cord
|
|
|
Receives incoming sensory information and process sensation - transmit to brain
|
Dorsal horns of gray matter
|
|
|
Motor neurons (effect movement) and effector neurons are here
|
Ventral horns of gray matter-cell bodies
|
|
|
An involuntary and nearly immediate response to a stimulus (brain not involved)
|
Reflex
|
|
|
Afferent (arriving) sensory impulses synapse within what part of the spinal cord?
|
Dorsal horn
|
|
|
What do dorsal roots do?
|
Receive
|
|
|
Ventral neurons ___ impulses (same side) and transmit to motor neurons
|
Receive
|
|
|
"Neuron pathways" that transmit information to the brain
|
Spinal tracts
|
|
|
-Ventral horn neurons synapse appropriate motor neurons, effectinve movements"
|
Spinal tracts
|
|
|
Steps of spinal tracts
|
"-""Neuron pathways"" that transmit information to the brain
|
|
|
Steps of spinal tracts
|
Sensed -> comes in through dorsal area -> info comes up -> goes through ventral portion -> moves
|
|
|
Parts of ascending tracts (pathways)
|
"-Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
|
|
|
has sensation and fine tactile information and goes to medulla
|
Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
|
|
|
Has proprioception and goes to cerebellum
|
Spinocerebellar tract
|
|
|
Has sensation for pain and temperature and goes to thalamus
|
Spinothalamic tract
|
|
|
"
|
Sensory spinal tract
|
|
|
Steps of sensory spinal tract
|
"impulse enters the dorsal root
|
|
|
and has tectospinal (from processing of optic and audtory stimuli downward - optic and auditory stimuli)"
|
Descending tracts
|
|
|
Descending spinal tract steps
|
"Info processed by brain of cerebral cotex goes down midbrain ; into mid brain, pons, medulla, and into spinal cord to affect some motor function
|
|
|
Molecules are secreted by cells and travel by simple diffusion; exert their effects on the SAME cell and/or cells nearby of the same cell type
|
Autocrine factors
|
|
|
Exert their effects on nearby cells of a DIFFERENT cell type"
|
paracrine factors
|
|
|
What did evolved nervous system allow
|
Direct stimulation
|
|
|
What did evolved endocrine system allow
|
Stimulation via chemical mediators (stimuli)
|
|
|
-may be made as zymogens or ""proenzymes"" (eventually cleaved)"
|
Exocrine glands
|
|
|
Which exocrine glands have amylase and diestive enzymes?
|
Salivary glands
|
|
|
Which exocrine glands have digestive enzymes secreted into duodenum?
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
Which exocrine glands have milk?
|
Breast
|
|
|
Products are secreted into the BLOOD and effect tends to take place more remotely (non-contiguous tissue or organ)
|
Endocrine glands
|
|
|
A chemical mediator of endocrine functionN
|
Hormone
|
|
|
Endocrine glands with insulin; has effect on adipose, live, muscle
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
Endocrine glands with products that ahve effects on thyroid gland, gonads, breast
|
Pituitary
|
|
|
As a precursor protein, what does pre-proinsulin become?
|
Insulin
|
|
|
A principle line of connection between points or objects
|
Axis
|
|
|
What is endocrine system best studied as?
|
In terms of an "axis" or line of connection
|
|
|
Hormones that turn another hormone on (up regulate)
|
Releasing/stimulating hormones
|
|
|
Hormones that turn another hormone off (down regulate)
|
Inhibiting hormones
|
|
|
What do many hormones have, that also regulate end organ effects
|
Antagonist hormones
|
|
|
Which hormones "turn on"
|
Releasing hormones
|
|
|
Which hormones "turn off"
|
Inhibiting hormones
|
|
|
Center of thyroid gland
|
Isthmus
|
|
|
When does the 1st endocrine gland develop & what is it
|
Thyroid; day 24
|
|
|
Thyroid develops from proliferation/out-pouching of endodermal epithelum (between which pharyngeal pouches?
|
Between 1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouches
|
|
|
The thyroid is orignally located at base of tongue on floor of pharynx - during embrylogic development where does it descend to?
|
Descends to its normal position in teh neck, anterior to the trachea
|
|
|
What does the thryoid maintain a connection to the tongue via?
|
Thyroglassal duct
|
|
|
Thyroxine is a thryoid hormone containing how many molecules of iodine?
|
T4; 4 molecules
|
|
|
Triiodothyronine is a thryoid hormone containing how many molecules of iodine?
|
T3; 3 molecules of iodine
|
|
|
Which thyroid hormones are synthesized in all vertebrates
|
T3 and T4
|
|
|
Thyroid hormones stored in a gelatinous substance are___
|
Colloid
|
|
|
Colloid that is stored in epithelial structures is called____
|
Follicles
|
|
|
"bubble gum" containing t3 molecules
|
Colloid
|
|
|
Thryoid hormone effects
|
Endotherms
|
|
|
Intracellular DNA binding proteins (transcription factors)
|
Receptors
|
|
|
What do endotherms do?
|
Increase metabolic rate
|
|
|
What increases free fatty acids and decreases cholesterol in blood
|
Lipolysis
|
|
|
TOO MUCH thyroid hormone
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
-Eye disease (exophthalmos;bulging eyes)"
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
What is Grave's disease and what is it caused by?
|
"Eyes get larger; caused y hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
Too LITTLE thyroid hormone
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
-Cretinism (irreversible, severe mental retardation)"
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
"benign" enlargement of the thyroid gland secondary to iodine deficiency; frequently disfiguring and disabling
|
Goiter
|
|
|
Severe, permanent brain damage cuased when there is insufficient iodine during embryologic develoment (T3/T4)
|
Cretinism
|
|
|
Which two thyroid-related conditions occure together, often in areas that are inland or have iodine poor soil
|
Goiter and Cretinism
|
|
|
Which thyroid hormone is produced by thyroid "C" cells (parafollicular cells) in mammals?
|
Calcitonin (it is the "other" thyroid hormone)
|
|
|
Which structures secrete calcitonin in fish, birds, amphibian, and reptiles? (they're paired glands located in the throat region)
|
Ultimobranchial bodies
|
|
|
(essentially ""tones it down"")"
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Where is calcitonin derived from?
|
Neural crest
|
|
|
Pairs glands in mammals in close association (or within) the thyroid
|
Parathyroid glands
|
|
|
Parathyroid glands are absent in which animals?
|
Fish and some salamanders
|
|
|
What are two major cell types of parathyroid glands?
|
Chief cells and Oxyphil cells
|
|
|
Primary cells of parathyroid hormone (parathromone)
|
Chief cells
|
|
|
Cells of parathryoid hormone with an unknown function
|
Oxyphil cells
|
|
|
-Acts antagonistically to calcitonin"
|
Parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
Which gland is located above EACH kidney
|
"Suprarenal" gland
|
|
|
Which hormones are related to fight or flight; sympathetic nervous system
|
Catecholamine
|
|
|
Which hormone is related to adrenalin; overal stimulatory effect
|
Epinephrine
|
|
|
Which hormone antagonizes epinephrine
|
Norepinephrine
|
|
|
Which gland is made from neural crest and mesoderm
|
Composite gland (of adrenal gland)
|
|
|
What is catecholamine hormone derived from
|
Neural crest
|
|
|
What is steroid hormones of adrenal galnd
|
Adrenal cortex
|
|
|
What is Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)?
|
Sex hormone precursors (reproduction and maturation)
|
|
|
What is glucocorticoids
|
Steroid hormones (cortisol)
|
|
|
What steroid hormones doe sodium and water reportion (kidney)
|
Mineral corticoids
|
|
|
Which structure is important in secretion of fight or flight hormones
|
Adrenal medulla
|
|
|
-Common stimuli for secretion of adrenomedullary hormones are including exercise, hypoglycemia, hemorrhage and emotional distress"
|
Adrenal medulla: catecholamine hormones
|
|
|
What do mineral corticoids (Aldosterone) do?
|
"Increase resportion of sodium by the kidney
|
|
|
What does adrenal cortex do?
|
"-Increase resorption of sodium by kidney
|
|
|
Which hormone stimulates aldosterone secretion (to raise blood pressure)
|
Renin (hormone made by kidney)
|
|
|
-increases/maintains blood pressure"
|
Cortisol
|
|
|
Cushing syndrome is a disease of what?
|
Disease of the adrenal
|
|
|
-Thin skin"
|
Cushing syndrome
|
|
|
What happens if cushings disease has pituitary tumor
|
Pituitary tumor secretes ACTH and doesn't respond to negative feedback of cortisol from the adrenal
|
|
|
What happens to cushings disease with ectopic ACTH
|
A tumor outside the pituitary secretes ACTH; adrenals make cortisol in response; pituitary decreases ACTh synthesis but is ineffective
|
|
|
What happens to cushings disease with Adrenal tumor
|
A tuor of the adrenal secretes cortisol independent of ACTH stimulation; pituitary decreases ACTH synthesis but ineffective
|
|
|
What happens to cushings disease with Iatrogenic cushing's syndrome?
|
Exogenous seteroid causes the pituitary to decrease synthesis of ACTH; sudden withdrawl of steroid mediation can be fatal
|
|
|
"Master gland"
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
|
Hypothalamus is the power behind this gland
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
|
Produces and secretes hormones that affect the production and synthesis of hormones by other glands
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
|
Two components of pituitary gland
|
"-Neurohypophysis
|
|
|
Posterior pituitary
|
Neurohypophysis
|
|
|
Anterior pituitary
|
Adenohypophysis
|
|
|
Affects uterus and breast during childbirth/lactation
|
Oxytocin
|
|
|
Anti-diuretic hormone - water retaining (from teh pituitary gland)
|
Vasopressin
|
|
|
HOw many distinct hormones does adenohypophysis have?
|
6
|
|
|
In surgery, how do they get to pituitary?
|
Nose
|
|
|
6 Hormones of anterior pituitary
|
"-Growth hormone
|
|
|
2 Hormoens of posterior pituitary
|
"-Antidiuretic hormone (kidney)
|
|
|
"
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
What do exocrine portion of pancreas secrete
|
Digestive enzymes into ducts
|
|
|
What do endocrine portion of pancreas secrete
|
"Hormones into blood (islets of langerhans)
|
|
|
Another name fo endocrine pancreas
|
Islets of Langerhans
|
|
|
Stores glucose as glycogen, produces glycogen in response to insulin
|
Liver
|
|
|
(skeletal muscle fat); takes up and utilizes glucose makes glycgen, increases protein synthesis; increases lipogenesis
|
Peripheral tissues
|
|
|
Relationship between insulin and glucagon
|
Antagonistic hormones
|
|
|
What does insulin do to blood sugar
|
Lowers
|
|
|
What does glucagon do to blood sugar
|
Raises
|
|
|
-Promotes fatty acid syntehsis in liver"
|
Insulin
|
|
|
In fasting state, is there high/low of insulin/glucagon
|
low insulin; high glucagon
|
|
|
Following a meal, is there high/low insulin/glucagon
|
High insulin; low glucagon
|
|
|
What are 3 target organ of insulin
|
"-Adipose tissue (fat)
|
|
|
Which hormone promotes spermatogenesis
|
FSH
|
|
|
Which hormone promotes androgen syntehsis (testosterone)
|
LH
|
|
|
Negative feedback on pituitary to regualte effects"
|
Androgen
|
|
|
What makes gonadotropic releasing hormone in males (GnRH)
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
In females, what secretes gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
In females, what secretes FSH/LH
|
Pituitary
|
|
|
In females what promotes the egg follicale maturation and prepares the uterus for implanatation (early in the cycle)
|
FSH
|
|
|
In females, what causes Ovulation (via a surge)
|
LH ; LH surge
|
|
|
What maintains pregnancy until placena can take over
|
Estradiol
|
|
|
In female pregnancy, which hormone is secreted by young placenta and aacts on ovary to maintain follicle and secrete progesterone (to maintain pregnancy)
|
CG (chronic gonadotropin)
|
|
|
What happens to females if there's no CG
|
No pregnancy; ovary continues to secrete estrogen adn progesterone for about 2 weeks, and then decreases ; causes menstruation/shedding
|
|
|
Ability to concentrate urine
|
Mammals
|
|
|
Renal area of tubular components
|
Medulla
|
|
|
Ability to concentrate urine
|
Birds
|
|
|
Vertebrate group capable of excreting all nitrogen waste forms
|
Turtles
|
|
|
Combined mesonephros and metanephros
|
Opisthonephros
|
|
|
Salt secreting gland of birds
|
Orbital
|
|
|
Male reproductive duct is derived from
|
Archinephric
|
|
|
Not associated with archinephric duct
|
Metanephros
|
|
|
Primoridial germ cell origin
|
Endoderm
|
|
|
Osmoconformer with concentrating blood urea
|
Elasmobranch
|
|
|
Functional kidney in embryonic mammals
|
Mesonephros
|
|
|
Live birth
|
Viviparity
|
|
|
Female gonadal development site
|
Cortex
|
|
|
Female tubule reproductive tract origin
|
Mullerian
|
|
|
Nitrogen excretion in mammals
|
Ureotelic
|
|
|
Archinephric duct serves urinary and reproductive system in which animals
|
Amphibians
|
|
|
Vertebrate group with separate and paired vagina and uterus
|
Marsupials
|
|
|
Male intermittent organ of elasmobranchs
|
Clasper
|
|
|
Vertebrate group with nonhomologous ovarian ductal system to genital opening
|
Teolosts
|
|
|
Convulated tubule responsible for urinary concentrating ability
|
Intermediate
|
|
|
Metanephric duct, common name
|
Ureter
|
|
|
Egg laying reproductive pattern
|
Oviparity
|
|
|
Wide tolerance to environmental osmotic conditions
|
Euryhaline
|
|
|
Salt secreting gland of sharks
|
Rectal
|
|
|
Supportive cells for spermatozoa
|
Sertoli
|
|
|
"Sewer"
|
Cloaca
|
|
|
Pressure sensor receptor
|
Pacinian
|
|
|
Innervates single eye muscle
|
Abducens
|
|
|
Nerve component (plural)
|
Axons
|
|
|
Sensory process
|
Dendrite
|
|
|
Smooth muscle nerve type
|
Visceral
|
|
|
Visceral ganglion nerve type
|
Parasympathetic
|
|
|
Neuoglial nutritional support
|
Astrocyte
|
|
|
Vascular tunic
|
Choroid
|
|
|
Afferent ganglion ( two word)
|
Dorsal root
|
|
|
Visual acuity
|
Fovea
|
|
|
Motor or glandular function
|
Efferent
|
|
|
Sensory function
|
Afferent
|
|
|
Color vision
|
Cones
|
|
|
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurotransmitter
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
Sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter
|
Norepinephrine
|
|
|
Paravertebral ganglion
|
Chain
|
|
|
Insulating cell of peripheral nerve
|
Schwann
|
|
|
Nerve body
|
Perikaryon
|
|
|
Innervates gums and teeth
|
Trigeminal
|
|
|
Special smelling organ of lizards and snakes
|
Vomeronasal
|
|
|
Supportive to receptor cells
|
Sustenacular
|
|
|
Only sympathetic preganglionic fiber innervation
|
Adrenal
|
|
|
Sensory fibers from taste buds
|
Facial
|
|
|
Sensory cells (organs) capable of detecting small changes in mechanical force
|
Mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
Primary cells of mechanoreceptors
|
Hair cells
|
|
|
Specialized system of mechanoreceptors in aquatic amphibians, fish
|
Lateral line system
|
|
|
Sound localization in external ear
|
Pinna
|
|
|
Three bones of middle ear
|
"-Incus
|
|
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Receptors for olfaction and taste
|
Chemoreceptors
|
|
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Receptors for vision, infrared, pineal body
|
Radiation receptors
|
|
|
Monitors external and internal environment and translates light, mechanical or chemical stimuli into electrical impulses to the CNS for translation
|
Sensory receptor
|
|
|
Neuron + accessory tissues =
|
Sensory organ
|
|
|
Provide information from somatic tissues (skeletal muscle and skin)
|
Somatic sensors
|
|
|
Provide information from internal organs
|
Visceral sensors
|
|
|
3) Dendrite just sitting in tissue and picks up anything around it"
|
Free sensory receptors
|
|
|
-End-bulb of Krause"
|
Encapsulated sensory receptors
|
|
|
Three general types of sensory organs
|
"1) Free sensory receptors
|
|
|
Encapsulated sensory receptor Meissner's copuscle for?
|
Touch
|
|
|
Encapsulated sensory receptor for Pacinian corpuscle?
|
Pressure
|
|
|
Encapsulated sensory receptor for Merkel disk?
|
Pressure
|
|
|
Encapsulated sensory receptor for Corpuscle of Ruffini?
|
Warmth
|
|
|
Encapsulated sensory receptor for End-bulb of Krause?
|
Cold
|
|
|
What do proprioceptors provide information about?
|
About body position and movement
|
|
|
In stretch reflex, what senses force a muscle is producing?
|
Golgi tendon organs
|
|
|
What do receptors in joint capsules sense?
|
Joint angle
|
|
|
What senses tension and stimulate motor neurons to cause muscle contraction?
|
Afferent sensory
|
|
|
Collection of axons INSIDE brain
|
Tract
|
|
|
Collection of axons OUTSIDE brain
|
Nerve
|
|
|
3 components of olfaction
|
"-Olfactory epithelium
|
|
|
What does olfactory nerve contain
|
Olfactory epithelium and bulb
|
|
|
Which cells contribute to olfactory nerve ***?
|
Olfactory sensory cells
|
|
|
What cells contribute to olfactory tract? ***
|
"Axons from mitral cells
|
|
|
*** True/false: Fishes have very good sense of smell?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Organ that recognizes chemicals associated with social and reproductive behaviors
|
Vomeronasal organ
|
|
|
Organ found in some tetrapods. Absent in most turtles, crocodiles, irds, and some bats, and aquatic mammals
|
"Vomeronasal organ
|
|
|
Specialized organ to sense phermones
|
Vomeronasal organ
|
|
|
Four basic tasts for taste buds
|
Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
|
|
|
Taste buds get innervation from 3 cranial nerves which are:
|
"-Facial
|
|
|
Which organisms can see UV?
|
Fishes, reptiles, birds
|
|
|
Which organisms can see infrared?
|
Vampire bats, pythons, pit vipers
|
|
|
What are 3 radiation receptor types?
|
"Eye
|
|
|
What are 3 layers of the eye structure?
|
"Sclera (outer tough capsule)
|
|
|
What are 3 regions of Uvea?
|
"-Choroid (next to retina)
|
|
|
Where is the optic disk?**
|
Where the optic nerve is (with axons from cells and retina)
|
|
|
**Location where the greatest concentration of receptor cells and the ability to focus is; focal acuity **
|
Fovea
|
|
|
In the optic senes, what develops from ectoderm?
|
"Eyelids
|
|
|
In optic senses, what develops from mesenchyme?
|
"Choroid
|
|
|
In Optic senses, what develops from optic cup?
|
"Iris
|
|
|
Phylogenic differences between lamprey, fish, amphibian, and amniotes optic senses?
|
"-Lamprey – muscle controls spectacle
|
|
|
Color vision
|
Cones
|
|
|
Low light vision
|
Rods
|
|
|
Separate fields of vision for each eye
|
Monocular
|
|
|
Various degree of overlap between visual fields
|
Binocular
|
|
|
Terestrial vs. aquatic refractive index differences
|
"-Terrestrial – cornea performs most focusing, lens refines the image
|
|
|
Earliest known bird
|
Archaeopteryx
|
|
|
What feature makes an avian unique?
|
Feathers
|
|
|
Largest order of avians?
|
Passeriformes
|
|
|
What are modified to aid flight in birds?
|
Almost all systems in a body
|
|
|
Bill or beak (rostrum)
|
Head
|
|
|
From 11 to 25 vertebrae; flexible
|
Neck
|
|
|
The whole body between head and tail; has thorax, abdomen, pelvis
|
Trunk
|
|
|
Retrices or rudders; majority of birds ahve 6 pairs of feathers
|
Tail
|
|
|
How many feathers on the tail to majority of birds have
|
6
|
|
|
Flight feathers; coverts
|
Wings
|
|
|
Articulates with the trunk at the hip joint; aid in flight
|
Pelvic limb
|
|
|
How many toes does avain foot have?
|
No more than 4 toes; 3 forward, 1 backward
|
|
|
What keeps the avian feathers "fly-able"
|
Uropygial or Preening gland
|
|
|
Function of uropygial or preening gland?
|
Keeps feathers "fly-able"
|
|
|
Vertical perojection in domestic fowl
|
Comb
|
|
|
Triangular structure at the angles of the mouth
|
Ricti
|
|
|
Do avians have sweat glands?
|
No
|
|
|
Stabilizes shoulders during flight
|
Furcula
|
|
|
Flight muscles attach here
|
Sternum
|
|
|
Support for tail
|
Pygostyle
|
|
|
Muscle (breast fillet) that acts to depress the wings in the down stroke
|
Pectoralis major
|
|
|
(tenders); primary elevator of the wing in the upstroke and for take-off
|
Supracoracoideus or Pectoralis minor
|
|
|
Do avians have a diaphragm?
|
No
|
|
|
Voice box
|
Syrinx
|
|
|
Where does avian gas exchange take place?
|
lungs
|
|
|
Why do avian have continous eating?
|
To provide energy
|
|
|
Storage space
|
Crop
|
|
|
Produces acid and helps digesting
|
Proventriculus
|
|
|
*Where chewing takes place
|
Vintriculus/Gizzard
|
|
|
Are bird digestive syestems fast or slow?
|
Fast and efficient
|
|
|
How much larger is bird heart than mammal of equal size?
|
2 times larger
|
|
|
Where are urine and feces voided through
|
Together through the vent
|
|
|
What is the end product of avian feces?
|
Uric acid
|
|
|
How much energy is required for uric acid
|
MORE ENERGY THAN AMMONIA AND UREA
|
|
|
Why is uric acid adventatitious? **
|
Because it is less toxic and utilizes less water to excrete
|
|
|
What is the only disadvanatage of uric acid *
|
It requires more energy to make it
|
|
|
What female reproductive organ is functinonal in avians?
|
One functional ovary and oviduct (left side, mostly)
|
|
|
How long does avian sperm remain viable in female oviduct?
|
upto 2 weeks; in mammales its only 48 hours
|
|
|
Why are eggs internally fertilized but laid/hatched outside?
|
Less weight
|
|
|
T/F Breeding birds have bigger testis?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What 3 things are avian pineal glands associated with?
|
"-Circadian rhythm
|
|
|
Birds have (smaller/larger) optic lobes and (smaller/larger) olfactory bulbs
|
"-Larger optic
|
|
|
What do birds have more concentrated mineral of to act as a compass?
|
Iron
|
|
|
T/F - Birds can detect heat, cold, pressure, and pain
|
TRUE
|
|
|
True or false : Birds have very few taste buds
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Which bird senses sweet tasting
|
Hummingbirds and parrots
|
|
|
Which bird tastes salt
|
Sea birds
|
|
|
Which bird tastes sour tastes
|
Wide range tolerance
|
|
|
What do birds eat only once?
|
Bitter tasting monarch butterflies
|
|
|
What is the most obvious visual-dependent behavior of birds?
|
Flight
|
|
|
Rods are for which type of vision?
|
Black and White
|
|
|
Cones are for what?
|
Color vision
|
|
|
How many fovea do birds have?
|
"Most have one; some have two (providing sharper vision - such as in hawks, eagles, parrots, and humminbirds)
|
|
|
Do birds have pinna?
|
No
|
|
|
Which two bird families use echolocation (like bats)?
|
"-Oilbirds
|
|
|
Ex. of a bird with built in compas (iron in beak)?
|
Homing pigeons
|
