Exam 2_Prep

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Systematic, permanent change in behavior.

Front 2

Associatvie Learning

Back 2

Conditioning: process of learning the associations
*Classical: associatin of two stimuli (pavlov)
*Operant: assocaition between behavior and reward (skinner)

Front 3

Observational learning is different from associative learning because..

Back 3

it relies on mental processes such as observing and imitating.

Front 4

For classical conditioning, two factors must be present for successful acquisition.

Back 4

1. contiguity: both stimuli are presented very close together in time.
2. contingency: CS must serve as a reliable indicator

Front 5

Classical conditioning to reduce fear?

Back 5

Counterconditioning,
systematic desensitization.

Front 6

Classical conditioning to reduce fetish/ pleasant emotion?

Back 6

Aversive conditioning

Front 7

Contingency of operant conditioning.

Back 7

-occurence of one stimulus can be predicted from the presence of another one.

Front 8

Thorndike's Law of Effect?

Back 8

-Cat makes less mistakes before it pushed a lever and got a fish.
-Behavior followed by positive outcomes are strengthend and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Front 9

Shaping

Back 9

-rewarding approximations of a desried behavior

Front 10

Define +/- reinforcements and +/- punishment

Back 10

+ reinforcment: giving good
- reinforcement: taking bad
+ punishment: giving bad
- reinforcement: taking good

Front 11

Primary reinforcers are?

Back 11

Innately satisfying
-such as sex, food and water
-2ndary reinforcers are money.

Front 12

4 processes of observational learning?

Back 12

1. Attention
2. Retention (encoding)
3. Motor reproduction
4. reinforcement/ incentive condition (vicarious reinforcement vs vicarious punishment)

Front 13

latent learning?

Back 13

reinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Front 14

insight learning

Back 14

develops a sudden insight into the problem's solution; "think outside the box"

Front 15

3 steps of memory

Back 15

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Front 16

Attention, levels of processing, elabroation, and imagery are all part of what..?

Back 16

Memory Encoding.

1. attention: focusing on a specific aspect
2.levels of processing: continuum of proccessing from shallow--> intermediate --> deep
3. elaboration: number of different connections made around stimulus
4.imagery: imagining images

Front 17

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Back 17

-memory storage involves 3 systems.
-sensory, short term, and long term.

Front 18

what is chunking?

Back 18

-part of short term memory
-grouping items that exceeds 7+2 or 7-2

Front 19

What is working memory?

Back 19

3 part memory system that allow us to hold temporaily as we perfom cognitive task.

Front 20

3 parts of working memory?

Back 20

1. phonological loop: speech based information
2. visuospatial memory: visual/spatial information
3. central executive: looks after both. Role in attention, planning, organizsing. Long term memory.

Front 21

Components of long term memory consists of..

Back 21

1. Explicit memory
2. Implicit memory

Front 22

Explicit memory has two parts:

Back 22

1. episodic: what/where/when of life's happening
2. semantic: knowledge independent of individual's personal identity with the past. Knowledge about the world.

Explicit memory: conscious recollection of specific information

Front 23

What is implicit memory, and explain the three parts:

Back 23

Implicit memory: unconsious recollection of prior experience

1. procedural memory: memory of skill
2. classical conditioning: automatic learning of association
3. priming: activation of information to help them info better and faster

Front 24

What is schema?

Back 24

- preexisiting mental concept of framework; orgnize and intreprets information.
- influences the way we encode/retrieve information

Front 25

Connectionism (PDP)?

Back 25

-states that memory is sotred throughout the brain in connection of neurons, thus change in the strength of synpatic connections are the fundamental bases of memory.

Front 26

Serious position effect.

Back 26

Primacy/receny effect

recall items at the beginning and end.

Front 27

Recall vs recognition

Back 27

recall: specific
recognition: indentification

Front 28

encoding specificity principle

Back 28

information present at the time of encoing tends to be effective as a retrieval cue.

Front 29

context-dependent memory

Back 29

better recollection when in the same context in which they encoded the information.

Front 30

Tip of the tongue phenomenon.

Back 30

Info stored but can't be remembered.
-ex. of retrieval failure

Front 31

Decay Theory:

Back 31

memories fade way if unused by normal metabolic process

Front 32

Interfrence theory

Back 32

memory interfering with another memory.

Front 33

Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

Back 33

Retrograde: loss of memory before the trauma; retrieval fialure
Anterograde: prevents new memories from forming after trauma; encoding failure

Front 34

Cognition?

Back 34

the way in which information is processed.

Front 35

3: Brain vs Computer?

Back 35

Brain cells repsond to ambiguous information.
Computers perform compelx caclulation; but limited
human mind is aware of itself

Front 36

Thinking involves 3 steps.

Back 36

1. concepts
2. solving problems
3. descision making/reasoning

Front 37

Concepts are important for 4 reasons

Back 37

1. generalization
2. association
3. aids memory by making it more efficient
4. provide clues about particular situation/experience

Front 38

Prototype Model of Concepts?

Back 38

-when people evaluate a given item, people look for "family resemblance" and the most typical item in the category (prototype)

Front 39

4 steps of problem solving.

Back 39

1. find/ frame problme
2. strategies (subgoaling, algorithm, heuristic)
3. evalutate solution
4. rethink and redefine problem

Front 40

3 types of Strategies?

Back 40

1. Subgoalig: setting intermediate goals; works backward
2. Algorithm: function, instruction; definite answer
3. Heuristic: shortcut strategies; "following gut feeling"

Front 41

2 Obstacles of Problem solving

Back 41

1. Fixation: using a prior strategy and fails to look at from new perspective
2. functional fixedness individuals are fixated on a usual functions

Front 42

Inductive vs deductive reasoning?

Back 42

Inductive: Specific-->general; observation
Deductive: General-->specific; fact

Front 43

Series problem and syllogism

Back 43

series problem: organizes item into a series and arrive at a conclusion.
syllogism: presented with a major premis and conclusion of T/F

Front 44

There are 5 types of Biases, name them and define them.

Back 44

1. Confirmation Bias: tendency to search for information that supports our idea.
2. Hindsight bias: tendency to report falsey according the predicted outcome
3. Availability heuristic: prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of reclling similar exprience
4.Base rate fallacy: tendency to ignore information about general priciple over vivid/specific information
5. Representative heuristics: tendency to make judgments based on physical appearance.

Front 45

IQ=

Back 45

IQ= (MA)/(CA) x 100

Front 46

define heritable influence and tell how they increase with age

Back 46

Heritable influence: difference of intelligence by the gene

increase with age, 35% to 75%

Front 47

Flynn Effect:

Back 47

rapidly increasing IQ as there are more education around the world.

Front 48

Sternberg's Tirarchic Theory

Back 48

1. Analyitic intelligence: ability to judge, analyze, and compare/contrast.
2. Creative intelligence: ability to create, design, invent, and imagine
3. pratical intelligence: ability to use/implement, and put ideas into practice

Front 49

Gardner's multiple intelligence

Back 49

1. verbal
2. mathematical
3. spatial
4. bodily-kinethetic
5. musical
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalist
9. existentialist

Front 50

Spearman's Theory of general intelligence

Back 50

"g" is a pool of knowledge, all are related

Front 51

Raymon Cattall's Fluid/Crystalized intelligence

Back 51

Fluid: reasoning, logic, thinking quickly; indenependent of education
Crystallized intelligence: knowledge acquired through experience; (vocab)

Front 52

Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Back 52

- cognitive development is based on a child's interaction with the physical enviroment.

Front 53

2 processes which the schemas are used.

Back 53

1. assilimiation:
2. accomodation

Front 54

4 stages of piaget's theory

Back 54

1. sensorimotor (birth-2)
2. preocperstional (2-7); egocentrism and object permanence
3. concrete operational stage (7-11): use intuitive reasoning, understand the law of conservation
4. formal operational stage: abstract and logical, thinking about not concrete things & making predictions

Front 55

Vygotsky's Theory

Back 55

-cognitive development is based on social enviroment

Front 56

Chess/Thomas's 3 types of temperament?

Back 56

1. easy child: easily adapts, regular routines, positive mood
2. difficult child: negative mood, irregular routines, slow to accept new enviroment
3. slow to warm up child: low activity level, somewhat negative, inflexible, low intensity of response

Front 57

What does Harry Harlow's reasearch demonstrate?

Back 57

-importance of warm contact
-"contact comfort" is crucial to attachment

Front 58

John Bowlby theorized that...

Back 58

infant and mothers instinctively form an attachment (internalized)

Front 59

Mary Ainsworth

Back 59

Strange situation: way to study difference in attachments

Front 60

Cognitive development of early adults..

Back 60

-deciding on particular worldview, understanding diverse worldview
-level of education influences the maximum thinking potential

Front 61

middle adult hood:

Back 61

-cross sectional studies: can't be reliable due to "cohort effect"
-longitudinal studies: middle adulthood showed peak in performance in both crystallized/fluid intelligence

Front 62

"sign stimulus"?

Back 62

-something in the enviroment turns on a fixed pattern of behavior

Front 63

Drive Reduction Theory

Back 63

-evolutionary approach to understand drive.
-when drive becomes strong, we are motivated to reduce it.
-not good b/c sometimes we increase drive rather than reduce it.

Front 64

Optimal Drive theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Back 64

-performances best under conditions of moderate arousal than extremes

Front 65

Brain's reward systems?

Back 65

-Dopamine: wanting
-Endorphine: liking

Front 66

Brain areas for sex drive?

Back 66

hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, limbic system

Front 67

"sexual script"?

Back 67

stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave during sex

Front 68

Order in Maslow's Heirchy of Needs?

Back 68

Physiological need--> saftey need-> belongingness/love --> esteem --> self-actualization

Front 69

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation

Back 69

Intrinsic: based on internal factors (need) and curiosity

Extrinsic: external incentive such as reward

Front 70

How to measure arousal?

Back 70

Skin conductance level test, and polygraph

Front 71

James-Lange Theory:

Back 71

emotion results from physiological state triggered by stimuli; supported by facial feedback hypothesis.
-but! many emotion/ non-emotions have similar arousal pattern.

Front 72

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 72

emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
-emotion independent of emotional expression

Front 73

Amygdala.

Back 73

-detects danger
-central role of fear (some + emotion)

Front 74

Two pathways through amygdala

Back 74

1. direct pathway from thalamus to amygdala: fast but d.n. convey detailed information
2. Indirect pathway from auditory cortex to the amygdala: sends approporite signals to amygdala.

Front 75

Two-Factor Theory in Emotion
(Schacter-Singer theory)

Back 75

emotion is determined by two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (intrepretation of the arousal.)
- I was afraid, but i realized that i was by physical changes.

Front 76

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 76

facial expression can influence emotion as well as reflect them; facial muscles send signals to the brain that help us recognize emotion.
-Paul Etkin's actor study

Front 77

Universal facial expressions are..

Back 77

happiness.
sadness
fear
surprise
disgust
anger

Front 78

Valence vs Aroual

Back 78

valence: happy vs sad
arousal: active vs not-active

Front 79

3 Factors involved in emtions are...

Back 79

physiological, cognitive, behavioral