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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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*... *
-Incomplete descent of testis -Found in 1% of 1 yo boys -Usually is an isolated anomaly -In most patients the undescended testis is palpable in the ... -Infertility -Greater risk of developing ... |
Cryptorchidism
inguinal canal testicular cancer |
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*Hydrocele*
-Collection of serous fluid that results from a defect or irritation in the ... of the scrotum -In a communicating (congenital) hydrocele, a patent processus vaginalis permits flow of peritoneal fluid into the scrotum. ... inguinal hernias are associated with this type of hydrocele. -In a noncommunicating hydrocele, a patent processus vaginalis is present, but no ... with the peritoneal cavity occurs -Adult hydroceles are usually late-onset (secondary). Late-onset hydroceles may present ... from local injury, infections, and radiotherapy; they may present ... from gradual fluid accumulation |
tunica vaginalis
Indirect communication acutely chronically |
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*... *
-An abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum draining the testicle -Feels like a “bag of worms” -May lead to ... due to adverse effects of increased temperature on sperm |
Varicocele
infertility |
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*.../... *
-Usually related to cystitis, prostatitis, or urethritis that spreads through vas deferens or lymphatics -Acute disease: epididymis enlarged, covered with fibrin, may contain pus and rupture -Children: usually gram ... rods, congenital genitourinary abnormality -Sexually active men age 35 or less: ..., ... -Men age 35+: ..., Pseudomonas, other urinary tract infection organisms |
Epididymitis/Orchitis
negative Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae E. coli |
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*... *
-Twisting of spermatic cord -> impaired of blood flow -Urologic emergency -Can result in testicular ... -Usually occurs in ... year of life, also towards ... due to trauma or violent movement - Associated with incomplete testicular descent, absent scrotal ligaments, absent gubernaculum testis or testicular atrophy causing testis to be abnormally mobile -Torsion must last at least 6-24 hours to cause an ... |
Torsion
infarction first puberty infarct |
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*Testicular Cancer Presentation*
-... mass with enlarged testicle -Feeling of ... in testicle or groin -... accumulation in scrotum |
Painless
heaviness Fluid |
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*Testcular Germ Cell Tumors*
1) ... 2) ... -Choriocarcinoma -Yolk sac tumor -Embryonal carcinoma -Teratoma |
Seminoma
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors |
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*Seminoma*
-Most common germ cell tumor (~50% of cases) -... is ovarian counterpart -Arise from ... -~40% have increased ... levels and ~15% have elevated HCG levels – typically not as high levels as choriocarcinoma -... prognosis -Gross: bulky, homogenous gray-white with lobulated and bulging cut surface, usually well demarcated |
Dysgerminoma
seminiferous tubules placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) Excellent |
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*Choriocarcinoma*
-0.3% to 1% of germ cell tumors are pure choriocarcinoma, but ... tumors are more common -Identical tumors arise in placenta, ovary, mediastinum or abdomen -Increased serum ...** -... behavior -Hematogenous spread early to lungs, liver and brain -Pure choriocarcinoma has ... prognosis |
mixed
hCG Aggressive poor |
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*Yolk sac tumor*
-Mimics embryonal yolk sac tissue -Most common testicular tumor for children under age ... -Often ... -... prognosis -Adults: usually part of a ... tumor, has prognosis of embryonal carcinoma -Most patients (>95%) with tumors containing yolk sac elements have elevated serum ...** |
4
pure Good mixed AFP |
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*Testicular CA Tumor Markers*
Important for ... and follow-up. ... -Normally made by placental cells -greatly increased in choriocarcinoma; sometimes increased in seminoma or embryonal carcinoma ... -Normally made by fetal yolk sac and other cells -increased in yolk sac tumors and embryonal carcinoma |
staging
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
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*... *
-Extremely common -Increases with age, affects ~70% of men age 60 -Symptoms of urinary ... -... play a key in the development of BPH -Proliferation of ... and ... -Tumor marker: elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) is often seen but usually PSA does not exceed 10 mg/ml -if PSA is >10, think ... |
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
obstruction Androgens glands and stroma cancer |
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Prostate Cancer
-300,000 cases/year in US (#1 after skin cancer) -41,000 deaths/year (#2 after lung cancer) -20% of American men are diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetimes -3% die of prostate cancer -... have the highest incidence and mortality -Often ... -Detected by ... test and digital rectal exam |
African-Americans
asymptomatic PSA |
