Exam 20 - Endo01,02 - Histology Of Pituitary And Pineal Gland

Front 1

Name the gland:

... – neuroendocrine
... – master gland of endocrine system
... – an endocrine gland that produces hormones involved in the maturation or production of T-lymphocytes

Back 1

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thymus gland

Front 2

What type of secretion:

... – a cell or group of cells produce a hormone that is carried far away and have an effect on different parts of the body
... – certain cells can secrete factors that can act on themselves or cells nearby (i.e. insulin growth factor)
... – a hormone or factor is secreted into interstitial spaces and have effects on cells in that general area (ex. pancreas cells secreting somatostatin that can modify the secretions of insulin)

Back 2

endocrine secretion
autocrine secretion
paracrine secretion

Front 3

what type of signaling mechanism do these hormones use (catecholamines, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, Calcitonin)?

Back 3

cAMP signaling mechanism

Front 4

MOA:

intracellular (in cytoplasm or nucleus)
-direct gene activation
-used by ... and ... hormones (lipid soluble)
-goes directly thru membrane; having plasma membrane receptor is not necessary in this case

Back 4

steroids and thyroid

Front 5

steroid hormones usually have a very ... half life

Back 5

short

Front 6

What are the 3 types of control of hormone release?

Back 6

humoral (blood), neural (nerves), and hormonal control

Front 7

Humoral control: hormone released in response to changing blood levels of ion or nutrient (negative feedback).
-... glands: detect low blood Ca++ --> ... hormone --> raises blood Ca++
-... (parafollicular cells) detect high blood Ca++ --> ... --> decreases blood Ca++

Back 7

parathyroid
PTH
thyroid
calcitonin

Front 8

Neural control: hormone released in response to nerve impulse.
-preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division --> stimulate release of catecholamines (..., ...) from cells of adrenal medulla
-impulses from hypothalamus result in release of ... or ... from posterior pituitary

Back 8

epinephrine
norepinephrine
oxytocin or ADH

Front 9

hormonal control: hormone produced by one endocrine gland (or hypothalamus) affects secretion of hormone by another endocrine gland.
-... acts as overall coordinator --> releases regulatory hormones (releasing or inhibiting) --> affects ... pituitary
-... pituitary, when stimulated, secretes hormones that affect other glands (eg. ... stimulates release of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland)

Back 9

hypothalamus
anterior
anterior
TSH

Front 10

Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary):

consists of ... fibers (axons of neurosecretory cells with cell bodies in hypothalamus) and ... (glial cells that support nerve fibers)

Back 10

nerve
pituicytes

Front 11

what hormone is this?

In neurohypophysis. In pregnant or nursing women, stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of uterine wall during labor and delivery. Stimulates ejection of milk in lactating mothers.

Back 11

oxytocin

Front 12

What hormone is this?

In neurohypophysis. Directly affects blood pressure – acts as powerful vasoconstrictor. Increases blood pressure. Affects water balance (indirect affect on BP) – acts on tubules of kidney to increase reabsorption of water --> less water lost in urine

Back 12

ADH (vasopressin)

Front 13

Blood vessels of neurohypophysis:

You have the axons that come down from the hypothalamus from the ... and ... nucleus. They end on the capillary bed formed by the ... hypopheseal artery. The hormones are released into the capillary bed and they go out to the body thru the ... vein.

Back 13

SO and paraventricular
inferior
hypophyseal

Front 14

Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary):

linked to hypothalamus via ... (capillary networks and small veins)

Back 14

hypophyseal portal system

Front 15

Blood vessels of Anterior pituitary: Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

In the case of the anterior pituitary, Neurons located in hypothalaums send their axons down into the medium eminance where the ... capillary bed (from the ... hypophyseal artery) is located. They release their hormone into the ... capillary bed. The axons are very ... in this case. The hormone is released into capillaries and goes down thru the ... vein and is delivered into the ... capillary bed. In here, the hormones released by the hypothalamus can have an effect on the cells of the ... pituitary (if the receptors are there). These are ... hormones. They act on surface receptors. When the hormone binds to the receptors on the ... cells, they release their hormones into the secondary capillary bed, and goes out thru the ... veins.

Back 15

primary
superior
primary
short
portal
secondary
anterior
peptide
target
hypophyseal

Front 16

adenohypophysis:

The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus release their ... hormones onto the ... capillary beds from the ... hypophyseal artery and those hormones travel down to the ... system to the ... capillary plexus where they have an effect on the ....
... probably don’t react.

Back 16

regulatory
primary
superior
portal
secondary
chromophils
Chromophobes

Front 17

points of interest:

Endocrine system ... to act and to subside than nervous system

Only cells w/ ... are affected by a hormone

...-derived hormones (steroid and thyroid) can pass thru membrane and bind intracellular receptors

Back 17

slower
receptors
Lipid

Front 18

The ... is an endocrine gland whose secretions are influenced by the light and dark periods of the day.

Back 18

pineal gland ( pineal body)

Front 19

The pineal gland consists of several types of cells, principally ... (the functional cells) and .... (glial cells)

The ... form a network around the ...

Back 19

pinealocytes
astrocytes

astrocytes
pinealocytes

Front 20

The pinealocytes production of ... and ... may influence reproduction.

... is secreted at night, whereas ... is produced during the day.

Back 20

melatonin and serotonin
melatonin
serotonin