Exam 2 Vocabulary

Front 1

Fontanels

Back 1

The spaces between the unfused cranial bones in early infancy

Front 2

Fibrous Sutures

Back 2

Joints between the bones of the skull.

Front 3

Pia Mater

Back 3

Innermost covering of the Meninges.

Front 4

Arachnoid

Back 4

Middle covering in the Meninges.

Front 5

Dura Mater

Back 5

The outermost covering of the Meninges.

Front 6

Meningitis

Back 6

An infection of the meninges.

Front 7

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 7

A clear fluid contianing glucose, proteins, minerals and other substances.

Front 8

Hydrocephalus

Back 8

A blockage within the ventricles of the brain which results in the CSF accumulating within the ventricles.

Front 9

The Circle Of Willis

Back 9

Area where the four main arteries of the brain interconnect.

Front 10

Internal Jugular Vein

Back 10

Main vein exiting the cranium.

Front 11

Sinuses.

Back 11

Wide and flat veins within the brain.

Front 12

Cerebral Vascular Accident

Back 12

Disrupted blood flow to part of the brain causing neurons to die.

Front 13

Endocrine System

Back 13

Synthesizes and secretes hormones which regulate activities throughout the body.

Front 14

Cerebral Cortex

Back 14

Outer surface of the cerbrum that is composed of gray matter.

Front 15

Gray Matter

Back 15

Nervous tissue that has a grayish color because its contents are not myelinated.

Front 16

White Matter

Back 16

Part of the neuron that is myelinated.

Front 17

Gyrus

Back 17

Ridges between the sulci.

Front 18

Sulcus

Back 18

Shallow indentations or grooves between the Gyri.

Front 19

Fissure

Back 19

Deep grooves.

Front 20

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 20

Separates the right and left cerbral hemispheres.

Front 21

Lateral Sulcus

Back 21

Separates the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe of the cerebrum.

Front 22

Central Sulcus

Back 22

Separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe of the cerebrum.

Front 23

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

Back 23

Separates parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

Front 24

Corpus Callosum

Back 24

Large bundle of myelinated commissural neurons that connect the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Front 25

Internal Capsule

Back 25

Myelinated axons connecting the cerebrum with the rest of the brain.

Front 26

Somatic

Back 26

Voluntary movements

Front 27

Contralateral

Back 27

Opposite side of the body.

Front 28

Basal Ganglia

Back 28

Areas of gray matter in the "basement" of the brain.

Front 29

Homunculus

Back 29

Gyrus arranged in a specific patter.

Front 30

Expressive Aphasia

Back 30

Unable to get thoughts into words.

Front 31

Precentral Gyrus

Back 31

The gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus.

Front 32

Postcentral Gyrus

Back 32

The gyrus immediately posterior to the central sulcus.

Front 33

Visual Aphasia

Back 33

Difficulty with recognition of written words.

Front 34

Receptive Aphasia

Back 34

Unable to translate speech into thoughts.

Front 35

Foramen Magnum

Back 35

Exit of the cranium for the spinal cord.

Front 36

Cauda Equina

Back 36

Bundle of nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord.

Front 37

Intervertebral Foramen

Back 37

Exit point for nerves in the spinal column.

Front 38

Dorsal Horn

Back 38

Region of gray matter in central region of spinal cord controlling sensory.

Front 39

Ventral Horn

Back 39

Region of gray matter in central region of spinal cord controling motor.

Front 40

Lateral Horn

Back 40

Region of gray matter in central region of spinal cord controlling autonomic motor.

Front 41

Tracts

Back 41

Axons that carry the same specific type of information and all run together.

Front 42

Stalk

Back 42

One process and one axon joined together near a cell body leading to and from the cell.

Front 43

Ventral Root

Back 43

Contains the axons of all efferent neurons that are exiting the spinal cord at that level.

Front 44

Spinal Nerve

Back 44

Formed by the union of the dorsal roots and the ventral roots as they go through the intervertebral foramen.

Front 45

Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract

Back 45

Carries sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus and cerebrum.

Front 46

Phantom Sensation

Back 46

After amputation the patient occasionally reports sensations coming from the now amputated limb.

Front 47

Fasciculus Gracilis

Back 47

Carries information from the lower half of the body

Front 48

Fasciculus Cuneatus

Back 48

Carries information from the upper half of the body.

Front 49

Anterolateral Corticospinal Tract

Back 49

Carries motor information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

Front 50

Endoneurium

Back 50

Connective tissue that covers the individual motor and sensory fibers.

Front 51

Perineurium

Back 51

Connective tissue that covers a fascicle of fibers

Front 52

Fascicle

Back 52

Group or bundle of fibers.

Front 53

Epineurium

Back 53

Connective tissue that covers the entire spinal nerve.

Front 54

Dorsal Primary Ramus

Back 54

Supplies the muscles and skin of the back.

Front 55

Ventral Primary Ramus

Back 55

Supplies the muscles and skin of the extremities and the lateral and anterior trunk.

Front 56

Plexus

Back 56

A braiding of the spinal nerves which allows the fibers of one spinal nerve to mix with fibers of another spinal nerve.

Front 57

Peripheral Nerves

Back 57

Nerves exiting the plexus. Named according to location or destination.

Front 58

Dermatomes

Back 58

A delineated area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve.

Front 59

Nerve Field

Back 59

Area of skin innervated by a single peripheral nerve.

Front 60

Reflex

Back 60

A fast, predictable, anatomical response to changes in the enviroment that helps to maintain homeostasis.

Front 61

Sensory Receptor

Back 61

Initiates a nerve impulse or action potential.

Front 62

Afferent Neuron

Back 62

Transmits the nerve impulse through a peripheral nerve to the central nervous system where it synapses.

Front 63

Integrating Center

Back 63

Relays the impulse to the motor neuron. Synapse with the spinal cord.

Front 64

Efferent Neuron

Back 64

Delivers the nerve impulse to an effector via the spinal nerve and peripheral nerve.

Front 65

Effector

Back 65

Muscle or gland, responds to the efferent neuron impulses.

Front 66

Monosynaptic

Back 66

Reflex when a sensory neuron synapses with the motor neuron

Front 67

Polysynaptic

Back 67

Reflex when a sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron which synapses with a motor neuron.

Front 68

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Back 68

Reflexes that result in the contraction of skeletal muscles.

Front 69

Visceral Spinal Reflexes

Back 69

Reflexes that cause the contraction of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or the secretion by glands.

Front 70

Law of Reciprocal Innervation

Back 70

A reflex which when a muscle is stimulated to contract, causes inhibition of the opposing muscle.

Front 71

Primitive Reflex

Back 71

A reflex that is present at some stage of a normal full-term baby's post-natal life and in time disappears or becomes modified.

Front 72

Pathological Reflex

Back 72

Primitive Reflex that continues to be present or re-presents itself following an injury

Front 73

Pacinian Corpuscle

Back 73

Pressure receptor.

Front 74

Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

Back 74

Damage to the anterolateral corticospinal tract's upper motor neuron which lies in the brain and spinal cord.

Front 75

Hyperreflexia

Back 75

Increased muscle stretch reflex.

Front 76

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions

Back 76

Damge to the anterolateral corticospinal tract's lower motor neuron which lies in the spinal cord and periphery.

Front 77

Neural Process

Back 77

Axon/dendrite involved in transmission of impulses away from/toward the cell body.

Front 78

Axolemma

Back 78

Membrane of the axon.

Front 79

Neurilemma

Back 79

Cell membrane or sheath of the schwann cell in the PNS only.

Front 80

Neurapraxia

Back 80

Mildest degree of nerve injury.

Front 81

Axonotmesis

Back 81

Intermediate degree of nerve injury.

Front 82

Neurotmesis

Back 82

Severe degree of nerve injury.

Front 83

Chromatolysis

Back 83

Cell body swells as it produces more nissl body organelles which will assist in neural growth.

Front 84

Wallerian Degeneration

Back 84

Neural process and myelin distal to injury site break up into little particles.

Front 85

Retrograd Degeneration

Back 85

Neural process and myelin distal and proximal to injury site degenerates into little particles.

Front 86

Young Old

Back 86

Majority of older people, who are those who, regardless of their actual age, are vital, vigorous, and active.

Front 87

Old Old

Back 87

The frail, infirmed minority.

Front 88

Oldest Old

Back 88

Fastest growing segment of the U.S. population.

Front 89

Senescence

Back 89

The period of the life span marked by changes in physical functioning associated with aging.

Front 90

Gerontological Society Motto

Back 90

To add life to years, not just years to life.

Front 91

Programmed Aging Theory

Back 91

In each species, the body ages according to a normal developmental pattern built into every organism.

Front 92

Aging as Wear and Tear Theory

Back 92

The body ages because of continuous use that deterioration is the result of accumulated "insults"

Front 93

Reserve Capacity

Back 93

The backup capacity to function in times of stress.

Front 94

Fluid Intelligence

Back 94

The ability to call on resources to solve new problems is considered by some to be at the heart of intelligence.

Front 95

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 95

Type of learning that depends on learning, life experience, and professional expertise to remain either constant or actually increase in later years.

Front 96

Sensory Memory

Back 96

Your brain records whatever you see, hear, smell, taste, or touch and places it in temporary storage in the sensory memory area.

Front 97

Short-Term Memory

Back 97

Information is stored for about 20 seconds.

Front 98

Long-Term Memory

Back 98

Long Term Storage of information.

Front 99

Wisdom

Back 99

Accepting the life on has lived, without major regrets over what could have been done differently.

Front 100

Emotional Health

Back 100

Determined by closeness to siblings at college age and the ability to handle life problems without blame, bitterness, or passivity

Front 101

Disengagement Theory

Back 101

Sees aging as a process of mutual withdrawl. It is normal, universal and necessary for successful aging for older people to cut down their activities and commitments, while society encourages this by pressuring people to retire.

Front 102

Activity Theory

Back 102

The more active older people remain, the better they age.

Front 103

Biological Aspect of Death

Back 103

The cessation of bodily processes

Front 104

Social Aspect of Death

Back 104

Revolve around the funeral and mourning rituals and legal arrangements for the inheritance of power and wealth.

Front 105

Psychological Aspect of Death

Back 105

Inolve the way people feel about their own deaths and the deaths of those close to them.

Front 106

Bereavement

Back 106

The objective fact of loss, the survivor's change in status.

Front 107

Mourning

Back 107

The behavior of the bereaved and the community after a death.

Front 108

Grief

Back 108

The emotional response of the bereaved.

Front 109

Anticipatory Grief

Back 109

Involves symptoms of grief that are experienced while the individual is still alive.

Front 110

Crisis

Back 110

A situation is so novel or so major that the person's established strategies are inadequate to restore the balance.

Front 111

Ego

Back 111

Degree of integration of personality.

Front 112

Displacement

Back 112

Taking out one's feelings on someone or something other than the person/object that stimulated the feelings.

Front 113

Withdrawl

Back 113

Unconscious pulling back from involvement with people.

Front 114

Devaluation

Back 114

An attitude held by others, as well as by the disabled person himself, of lowered self esteem.

Front 115

Spread

Back 115

Due to devaluation, the patient and/or others begin to view the patient as more severely disabled than he really is.

Front 116

Gregor Effect

Back 116

Rejection and avoidance of certain patients.