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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eight symptoms of hepatitis
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Fever
Jaundice Malaise Anorexia Dark Urine Light Stools Nausea Abdominal discomfort |
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Typical Presentation of Hep A,B,C
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Hep A - onset acute symptoms are mild and flu like, may be mistaken for food poisoning
Hep B - Insidious symptoms, more severe Hep C - Mostly mild or asymptomatic, but often chronic |
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How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Where is it more likely to be transmitted? |
Fecal-oral route. i.e. food contamination.
Risks: Areas with poor sanitation, contaminated water and food especially seafood and strawberries, day care centers |
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Incubation and disease progression of Hepatitis A
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Hepatitis A virus can be found in feces up to 2 weeks before symptoms appear. It incubates for 35-90 days. It progresses for 4-8 weeks and people usually fully recover. You can only get HepA once.
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What methods of prevention are there for Hep A?
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HAV vaccine, IgG within 2 weeks of exposure, education about proper hand washing and food handling
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Who is at increased risk of infection with Hepatitis A? (5)
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Gay men
Illegal drug users International travelers People with clotting factor disorders People with chronic liver disease |
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What percentage of hepatitis cases in the US are Hepatitis A?
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32%
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What percentage of hepatitis cases in the US are Hepatis B?
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43%
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How is hepatitis B transmitted?
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Horizontal transmission through needle sticks and sexual intercourse (30% from heterosexual contact). Vertical transmission from mother to fetus (90% of time will give baby chronic form)
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How long can the hepatitis B virus live on a dry surface?
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7 days
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What are the possible outcomes of an HBV infection?
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Resolved immune
Chronic infection leading to either no symptoms or cirrhosis and/or liver cancer |
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How safe is the Hepatits B vaccine?
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Side effects are rare. Anaphylaxis occurs about 1/600,000 cases. There is no scientific data linking it to MS, autism, or autoimmune disorders.
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How is acute HBV treated?
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Initially, Hep B immunoglobulin is given and the Hep B vaccination series is started. Also give supportive treatment like antiemetics and avoid hepatotoxic substances.
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How is chronic HBV treated?
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With interferon and nuceloside analogs
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What percentage of chronic hepatitis is hepatitis C?
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85%
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What is HepC the most common cause of in the US?
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Hepatitis C causes the most hepatocellular cancer and liver transplants in the US. The number of people needing a liver transplant in the next 10 years will go up 528% because of Hep C infections.
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What factors promote the progression or severity of chronic hepatitis C?
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Increased alcohol intake
Age > 40 when first infected HIV Male gender HepB co infection |
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What exposures incrase the risk of an HCV infection? (6)
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Injecting drug use
Transfusion/transplant from infected donor Occupational exposure to blood (mostly needle sticks) Iatrogenic (unsafe injections) Birth to HCV mother Sex with infected partner (multiple sex partners) |
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What can be done to reduce or eliminate risks of HCV infection?
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Screen and test donors
Virus inactivatino of plasma derived products Obtain history of high risk drug and sex behaviors and provide information on minimizing risky behavior Vaccinate against Hep A and B Safe injection and infection control practices |
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Hepatitis D is always associated with what?
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Hepatitis B
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What happens with coinfection of Hep D?
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Severe acute disease
Low risk of chronic infection |
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What happens with superinfection of Hep D?
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Usually develop chronic HDV infection
High risk of severe chronic liver disease |
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How is Hep E transmitted?
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fecally contaminated drinking water
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What can cause Fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure)? (4)
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Tylenol plus alcohol
INH (TB drug) anesthetics like halothane NSAIDS |
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With what types of hepatitis is Acute liver failure most prevalent? Less common?
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Most prevalent with HBV with HDV coinfection. Less common with HCV.
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Clinical manifestations of Acute liver failure? (4)
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Change in mentation
Jaundice Coagulation abnormalities Encephalopathy |
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Potential complications of acute liver failure (6)
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cerebral edema
renal failure hypoglycemia sepsis metabolic acidosis multi-organ failure |
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Nursing care for acute liver failure (8)
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ICU setting
Keep watch on level of consiousness quiet setting (to keep intracranial pressure low) hemodynamic monitoring watch for increased ICP HOB 30 degrees monitor electrolytes Prepare for transplant |
