Exam 2 Terms

Front 1

FtsZ

Back 1

Tubulin, Forms ring during septum formation in cell division. Found in most bacteria and archaea

Front 2

MreB

Back 2

Actin, maintains shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis macheniery, involved in chromosome segregation.

Front 3

What happens if MreB is mutated

Back 3

Chromosomes do not segregate

Front 4

CreS

Back 4

Intermediate filament, maintains shape in curved bacteria

Front 5

Binary Fission

Back 5

Asexual replication whereby a cell basically clones itself

Front 6

Septum

Back 6

Partition that forms during cellular division to divide two daughter cells

Front 7

Exponential Growth

Back 7

Growing bacterial population doubling at regular intervals

Front 8

Generation Time

Back 8

The time it takes for a microbial population to double in number

Front 9

Origin of Replication

Back 9

The site at which replication begins

Front 10

Terminus

Back 10

Site at which replication is terminated, located opposite of origin

Front 11

Replisome

Back 11

Group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis

Front 12

Replication forks

Back 12

The Y shaped structure where DNA is replicated

Front 13

BiDirectional Replication

Back 13

The DNA replication proceeding in both directions from the origin

Front 14

Septation

Back 14

Formation of cross walls between daughter cells

Front 15

MinCDE system

Back 15

System to limit the Z ring to the center of the cell by oscillating from one side of cell to another.

Front 16

FtsA

Back 16

Protein that anchors Z ring to p-membrane

Front 17

ZipA

Back 17

Protein that anchors Z ring to p-membrane

Front 18

Divisosome

Back 18

Visual arrangement of all of the chromosomes in a cell

Front 19

Invagination:

Back 19

the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.

Front 20

Autolysins

Back 20

Enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan by cleaving between NAM and NAG

Front 21

Transpeptidases

Back 21

Peptidoglycan crosslinking enzymes

Front 22

PBPs

Back 22

Crappy name for transpeptidases because it is the target for penicillin

Front 23

Crescentin

Back 23

Intermediate filament homologue that localizes to one side of the cell. It reduces the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis and creates a curve in the vibrios bacteria

Front 24

Extremophiles

Back 24

grow under harsh conditions that would kill most other organisms

Front 25

Osmotolerant

Back 25

able to grow over a wide range of water activity or osmotic concentration

Front 26

Halophile

Back 26

Requires high levels of sodium chloride, usually above about .2M to grow

Front 27

Extreme Halophile

Back 27

Requires salt concentration of 2M-6M. Extremely high concentrations of K

Front 28

Hypotonic solution

Back 28

Lower osmotic concentration in the solution than the cell.

Front 29

Hypertonic Solution

Back 29

Solution with a higher osmotic concentration than the cell

Front 30

Plasmolysis

Back 30

Membrane shrink away from the cell wall when the cell is under hypertonic stress

Front 31

Acidophile

Back 31

Growth optimum between pH 0 and 5.5

Front 32

Neutrophile

Back 32

Growth optimum between pH 5.5 and 8.0

Front 33

Alkalphile

Back 33

Growth optimum between pH 8.0 and 11.5

Front 34

Psychrophile

Back 34

Grows at 0˚C. Optimum: 15˚C or lower

Front 35

Psychrotroph

Back 35

Grows at 0˚-7˚C. Optimum = 20˚-30˚ C Maximum = 35˚C

Front 36

Mesophile

Back 36

Growth optimum between 20 and 45˚C

Front 37

Thermophile

Back 37

Grows at 55 or higher. Optimum often between 55˚ and 65˚ C

Front 38

Hyperthermophile

Back 38

optimum between 85 and 113˚C

Front 39

Obligate Aerobe

Back 39

Requires O2 to grow. It will die without it.

Front 40

Facultative Anaerobe

Back 40

Doesn’t require oxygen to grow, but grows well in it’s presence

Front 41

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Back 41

Grows equally well in presence or absence of O2

Front 42

Obligate Anaerobe

Back 42

Cannot grow in the presence of O2. It will die.

Front 43

Microaerophile

Back 43

Requires O2 of 2-10% for growth

Front 44

Barophile

Back 44

Rapid growth at high hydrostatic pressures.

Front 45

Barotolerant

Back 45

Adversely affected by increased pressure

Front 46

Aerobic Respiration

Back 46

Metabolic pathway using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in the ETC

Front 47

Fermentation

Back 47

Does not use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

Front 48

Oxic Zone

Back 48

Environment where dissolved oxygen is present

Front 49

Anoxic zone

Back 49

Environment depleted of dissolved oxygen

Front 50

ROS

Back 50

Reactive oxygen species that oxygen is easily reduced to. Aerobes need enzymes to protect it from this.

Front 51

Ionizing radiation

Back 51

X and Gamma rays. Radiation that disrupts the chemical structure of molecules (such as DNA) Which causes mutations.

Front 52

Deinococcus radiodurans

Back 52

Microorganism resistant to cold, dehydration, vaccum, acid and radiation.

Front 53

UV radiation

Back 53

Wavelength most effectively absorbed by DNA. Causes DNA Damage and mutations

Front 54

Wavelength most effectively absorbed by DNA

Back 54

260 nm

Front 55

Carotenoid pigments

Back 55

pigments which protect light exposed microorganisms from photooxidation

Front 56

Oligotrophic environment

Back 56

environment with low nutrients levels

Front 57

Biofilm

Back 57

Community of microbes which grow attached to surfaces. Ubiquitous.

Front 58

Conditioned surfaces

Back 58

Surfaces in which biofilms grow especially well.

Front 59

Quorum Sensing

Back 59

Density-Dependent communication by biofilms

Front 60

Autoinducer

Back 60

Molecules that bacteria produce that diffuse out of cell

Front 61

Autoinducer synthase

Back 61

Synthesizes AHL

Front 62

Peptones

Back 62

protein fragments preparted by partial digestion of various protein sources

Front 63

Extracts

Back 63

Aequous extracts, usually beef or yeast

Front 64

Agar

Back 64

Pollysaccharide used to solidify liquid media that most microbes cannot degrade

Front 65

Supportive media

Back 65

Support the growth of many microbes (TSA)

Front 66

Enriched media

Back 66

Supplemented by blood or other special nutrients (Blood agar or chocolate agar)

Front 67

Selective media

Back 67

Favors the growth of some microbes and inhibit the growth of others

Front 68

Differential media

Back 68

distinguishes between different groups of microbes based on biological characteristics

Front 69

Steak Plate

Back 69

Technique of spreading a mixture of cells on an agar surface so that individual cells are well separated from each other

Front 70

Spread Plate

Back 70

Small volume of diluted mixture containing approx. 30-300 cells is transferred and spread evenly over surface with sterile bent rod.

Front 71

Pour Plate

Back 71

Serially diluted sample, mixed with liquid agar and poured into sterile culture dishes.

Front 72

Colony morphology

Back 72

Characteristics of a colony (Size, shape, ect)

Front 73

Estuary

Back 73

Semi-enclosed costal region where a river meets the sea

Front 74

Salt wedge

Back 74

a mix of salinity which is found in estuaries

Front 75

Eutophication

Back 75

Enrichment of ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus

Front 76

Algal blooms

Back 76

bloom of a single microbial species, algal or cyanobacterial, growing at the expense of other members of the community

Front 77

Red Tide

Back 77

water becoming red from an alge bloom

Front 78

Microsystins

Back 78

Toxins released into the environment by cyanobacteria

Front 79

Euphotic/Photic Zone:

Back 79

Upper 200-300 meters of open ocean where the rate of photosynthesis by microscopic autotrophs exceeds the collective rate of respiration

Front 80

Microbial loop

Back 80

The recycling of nutrients into the DOM

Front 81

Dom

Back 81

Dissolved organic matter. Where the dead of the ocean ends up.

Front 82

Marine Snow

Back 82

Organic matter that is not easily degraded sinking to the sea bed

Front 83

PCR

Back 83

Procedure to amplify a specific piece of DNA

Front 84

Chemical Work

Back 84

Synthesis of complex molecules

Front 85

Transport Work

Back 85

Take up of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and maintenance of ion balances

Front 86

Mechanical work

Back 86

Cell motility and movement of structures within cells

Front 87

Metabolism

Back 87

The total of all chemical reaction in the cell

Front 88

Catabolism

Back 88

The breakdown of organic molecules for energy. Big molecule → Smaller molecules + Energy

Front 89

Anabolism

Back 89

Synthesis of large complex organic molecules from simpler ones. Energy+ Smaller molecules → Large, complex molecule

Front 90

Thermodynamics

Back 90

Science that analyzes energy changes in a system

Front 91

Calorie

Back 91

Amount of heat energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 degree. 1000cal=1food cal

Front 92

Joules:

Back 92

Unit of work capable of being done by a unit of energy. 4.184J=1cal

Front 93

1st law of thermodynamics:

Back 93

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Front 94

2nd Law of thermodynamics:

Back 94

Enropy will increase

Front 95

Gibbs free energy:

Back 95

Equation used to indicate if a reaction will be spontaneous

Front 96

Exergonic reaction:

Back 96

Delta G=Negative. A spontaneous reaction will proceed

Front 97

Endergonic reaction:

Back 97

Delta G= Positive. A spontaneous reaction will NOT proceed

Front 98

Oxidation:

Back 98

Loss of electrons

Front 99

Reduction:

Back 99

Gain of electrons

Front 100

ETC:

Back 100

Electron Transport chain. Series of electron carriers which form ATP and create a proton gradient.

Front 101

NAD:

Back 101

Electron carrier. + charge.

Front 102

NADP:

Back 102

NAD + Phosphate. Electron Carrier

Front 103

Enzymes:

Back 103

Molecules (Can be a protein or RNA) that lower the activation energy in reactions. It’s a catalyst

Front 104

Substrates:

Back 104

Reacting molecules

Front 105

Products:

Back 105

Substances formed by reaction

Front 106

Apoenzyme:

Back 106

Protein component of an enzyme

Front 107

Cofactor:

Back 107

Non-protein component of an enzyme

Front 108

Prosthetic group:

Back 108

Cofactor that is firmly attached

Front 109

Coenzyme:

Back 109

Cofactor that is loosely attached and can act as carriers/shuttles

Front 110

Holoenzyme:

Back 110

Apoenzyme + Cofactor

Front 111

Hydrolysis:

Back 111

Reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water

Front 112

Compartmentaion:

Back 112

Differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles. Can generate marked variations in metabolite concentrations

Front 113

Allosteric effector

Back 113

Effector which binds non-covalently at regulatory site and changes the shape of an enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site.

Front 114

Positive effector:

Back 114

Increases enzyme activity

Front 115

Negative effector

Back 115

inhibits the enzyme

Front 116

Feedback inhibition

Back 116

When the product of a pathway builds up, it inhibits the pathway

Front 117

Autotrophs

Back 117

Uses CO2 as sole biosynthetic carbon source

Front 118

Heterotrophs

Back 118

Uses other organisms for a carbon source

Front 119

Phototrophs

Back 119

Uses light as an energy source

Front 120

Chemotrophs:

Back 120

Uses organic or inorganic compounds as an energy source

Front 121

Lithotrophs:

Back 121

Uses inorganic molecules as electron sources

Front 122

Organotrophs:

Back 122

Uses organic molecules as an electron source

Front 123

Respiration:

Back 123

Use of an electron transport chain

Front 124

Aerobic respiration:

Back 124

Uses oxygen as final acceptor

Front 125

Anaerobic respiration:

Back 125

uses different final acceptors (not oxygen)

Front 126

Oxidative phosphorylation:

Back 126

The metabolic pathway that mitochondria use in their structure to reform ATP

Front 127

Amphibolic:

Back 127

When enzymes have both catabolic and anabolic activity

Front 128

Embden Meyerhof pathway:

Back 128

The most common pathway used by plants animals and microbes to change glucose to pyruvate

Front 129

Entner-Duodoroff pathway

Back 129

Used by G- soil bacteria to change glucose to pyruvate

Front 130

Pentose phosphate pathway

Back 130

Amphibolic pathway that Produces: sugar transformation reactions, NADPH, and precursor molecules needed for biosynthesis

Front 131

Erythrose 4-phosphate:

Back 131

an aromatic amino acid in vitamin B6. Made by pentose phosphate pathway

Front 132

Ribose 5-phosphate:

Back 132

Nucleic acid made by the pentose phosphate pathway

Front 133

TCA cycle:

Back 133

Cycle common in aerobic bacteria, free living protozoa, most algae and fungi. Generates energy and is a source of carbon skeletons for use in biosynthesis

Front 134

Branched Pathway:

Back 134

A biosynthetic pathway that branches off into two or more different pathways

Front 135

Proton motive force:

Back 135

Chemical and electrical potential difference in OxPhos

Front 136

Fermentation:

Back 136

Using pyruvate or derivative to oxidize NADH into NAD+. Does not use ETC

Front 137

Photosynthesis:

Back 137

Light energy into chemical energy

Front 138

Light reaction:

Back 138

Catabolism reaction of light energy being trapped and converted into chemical reactions

Front 139

Dark reactions:

Back 139

Anabolism reaction of energy being produced in the light reactions used to reduce CO2 and synth cell constituents

Front 140

Oxygenic Photosynthesis:

Back 140

Oxygen is generated and released into the environment

Front 141

Anoxygenic photosynthesis:

Back 141

Oxygen is not generated

Front 142

Chlorophylls:

Back 142

Light absorbing pigments

Front 143

Accessory pigments:

Back 143

Transfer light energy into chlorophylls. Absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophylls

Front 144

Antennas:

Back 144

Highly organized array of chlorophylls and accessory pigments. Transfers captured light to special reaction center chlorophyll

Front 145

Photosystems:

Back 145

Antenna and it’s asso. Reaction center chlorophyll

Front 146

Photosystem 1:

Back 146

Cyclic or non cyclic oxygenic photosynthesis.

Front 147

Photosystem 2:

Back 147

Noncyclic anoxygenic photosynthesis

Front 148

Precursor metabolites:

Back 148

The building blocks during anabolism that are generated by the central metabolic pathways.

Front 149

Calvin Cycle:

Back 149

Cycle used by most autotrophs to fix CO2 (Also called reductive pentose phosphate cycle) into a fructose 6 phosphate

Front 150

Carboxylation phase:

Back 150

Phase in calvin cycle where Rubisco catalyzes addition of CO2 to RuBP

Front 151

Reduction phase:

Back 151

Phase in calvin cycle where 3 phospho-glycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. You Use 1 ATP and 1 NADPH

Front 152

Regeneration phase:

Back 152

phase in calvin cycle where you Regenerate RuBP into rubisco using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Use 1 ATP.

Front 153

Bactorprenol:

Back 153

A carrier molecule used in peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 154

UDP Derivatives:

Back 154

Carrier molecule used in peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 155

Glutamate:

Back 155

Product of ammonia being added to alpha ketoglutarate

Front 156

Transaminases:

Back 156

Enzyme that catalyzes a particular transamination reaction

Front 157

Nitrogenase:

Back 157

Enzyme found only in bacteria and archaea that reduces N2 into ammonia