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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metaphors for memory
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warehouse, library, file cabinet
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Bad metaphor for memory
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Video Camera - We do not store memories exactly as they happened.
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Memory's Three Basic Tasks
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Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
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Memory: Encoding
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- Modification of info to store
- Automatic - Elaboration - to establish a useable memory |
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Memory: Storage
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- Retention of encoded material over time
- Where memories are stored |
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Memory: Retrieval
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- With proper cues it only takes a split second to retrieve a memory
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Types of Memories
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- Sensory
- Working - LTM |
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Sensory Memory
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- Has very short duration
- Holds sights, sounds, smells, and textures |
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Working Memory
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- Has a 20 second duration
- Also named short-term memory - Holds 7+/-2 |
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Long-Term Memory
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- Has unlimited capacity
- Has two main components: Procedural Memory and Declarative Memory |
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Procedural Memory
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A register for things we know how to do: Like riding a bike or tying shoelaces. We do not have to think about how to do. "Implicit"
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Declarative Memory
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Storage for facts, impressions, and events.
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Implicit
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Things that we just do
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Explicit
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Memories that require conscious awareness
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Flashbulb Memory
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Clear and vivid memory w/ clear details
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Schemas
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Ways to organize information. Ex: Someone says "Dog" and you have your own personal schema for what a dog is and looks like...
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Retrieval Cues
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A prompt/or a stimulus that is used to bring a memory to consciousness or to cue a behavior.
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Childhood Amnesia
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Do not remember things from childhood
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Cannot remember new information due to trama
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Cannot remember old information
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7 Sins of Memory
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- Transience
- Absent-Mindedness - Blocking - Misattribution - Suggestibility - Bias - Unwanted Persistence |
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Transience
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Fading memories cause forgetting
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Absent-Mindedness
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Lapses of attention cause forgetting
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Blocking
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Access problems (Tip-of-your-tongue)
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Misattribution
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Memories in the wrong context - associate with wrong person, time, or place.
- Donald Thompson is a rapist? |
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Suggestibility
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External cues distort or create memories - result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
- Loftus and Palmer |
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Bias
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Beliefs, attitudes, and opinions distort memories
- Expectancy Bias: Unconscious tendency to remember events as being congruent with our expectations - Self-Consistency Bias: The commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opions, and beliefs that we actually are. |
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Unwanted Persistence
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When we just cannot forget
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Serial Position Effect
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Based on the order of how you will remember
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Primacy
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You will remember the first thing you learn.
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Recency
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You will remember the last thing you looked at/learned.
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Good Memories are remembered...
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If the information was paid attention to. If the information was interesting and emotionally significant and has been rehearsed.
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Thinking
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Information processing. Thinking is a cognitive process in which the brain uses info from the senses, emotions, and memory to create and manipulate mental representations
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Concepts
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Mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or experiences
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Prototype
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Having the perfect "prototype" for something
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Algorithms
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Formulas or procedures. If used correctly it will work because it is a step-by-step procedure that leads directly from the problem to the solution.
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Heuristics
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Intuitive and flexible strategies. They are simple, basic rules - so called "rules of thumb" to help us cut through the confusion of complicated situations.
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Types of Problems
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Well and ill structured
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Well-Structured Problem
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Like a math problem
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Ill-Structured Problem
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Like a life problem.
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IDEAL
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Identify the problem
Define what your goal is Explore possible strategies Anticipate outcomes and act Look back and learn |
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Functional Fixedness
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A special sort of mental set occurs when you think you need something. You are so fixed in your mind that you cannot see a new function for something. (adults have this problem)
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Flexible Thinker
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Little kids are really flexible thinkers. "Think outside the box"
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Creatitivity
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Thinking outside the box
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Is creatitivity domain specific?
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Yes! It is just in that one area - no universal
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Is creativity intentional?
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No! There has to be an active effort in creativitiy.
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Brainstorming
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Small group problem solving. More heads are better than one! Don't take ownership!
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Expertise
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Well versed in something.
- It is domain specific - It is automatic - 10,000 hour rule - Limitations: You have to have resources, motivation, and effort! |
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Development
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To grow and to change
- Nature VS Nurture |
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Range of development
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from conception to death
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Prenatal Development
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Before Birth
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Prenatal Phases
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Zygote (conception - 2 wks)
Embryo (2wks-8wks) Fetus(9wks - birth) |
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Teratogens
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"Monster Makers"
Any external, environmental substances that can damage a developing organism |
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Neonatal Period
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0-28 days old
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Neonatal Reflexes
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Palmar Grasp
Rooting Reflex Babinski Reflex (toes fan out) |
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Infancy
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birth-language acquisition
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Cephalocaudal Rule
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Top-Down
- you gain strength starting at the head and working downards. - baby picks up head first |
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Proximal-Distal Rule
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From the center out
Core muscles get strong first then moves out to arms and legs |
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Attachment
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emotional bond
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John Bowlby
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Object and innate abilities
- Looking for something to attach too. It is just a function for survival. |
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Mary Ainsworth
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The strange situation study
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Securely Attached Children
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When mom left they weren't too upset. This is because they expect mom to come back. They are easily soothed.
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Insecurely Attached Children
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Baby does not rely on mom
Two Types: Ambivalent and Avoidant |
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Insecure: Ambivalent
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Sad when mom leaves and sad when she comes back. Cannot soothe.
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Insecure: Avoidant
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Not happy, not sad.
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Disorganized Attachment
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Parents are just not around either emotionally or physically.
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Childhood's 3 Major Tasks
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Language, Cognitive Development, and Social Relationships
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Piaget's Stage Theory
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- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational - Concrete Operational - Formal Operational |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Object Permanence
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Preoperational Stage
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Egocentrism (See things only from their point of view)
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Concrete Operational Stage
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- Master conservation (will understand that an object will retain mass and quantity even if it changes shape)
- Simple Reasoning |
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Formal Operational Stage
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Hypothetical Problem
Abstract Reasoning |
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Parenting Styles
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- Authoritarian
- Authoritative - Permissive - Uninvolved |
