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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social identities |
are the characteristics that other people attribute to an individual |
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Self-identity |
emerges through the process of self-development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to world around us |
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identity |
a piece of an individual’s self concept based on the groups to which that person belongs and his or her relationship to others |
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married, Catholic, Asian-American, homeless |
Ex. of social identities |
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collective action |
such as when feminists, labor unionists, or supporters of nationalist movements draw on a shared social identity |
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in-group |
those sharing your identity |
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out-group |
Others who are different or don't share the same social identity |
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Process of justifying exploitation |
Those whom you need to exploit become cast as both not-warm (likeable) and not competent |
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How does labeling of in and out-groups work? |
Labeling works externally and often on basis of ascribed characteristics to establish “proper place” in social stratification system |
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Stereotypes |
occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited, often superficial information about a person or group – often linked to social identities |
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Stereotype content model |
stereotypes classified with respect to a hypothetical in-group, associated with specific emotions |
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Paternalistic Stereotype |
Low competence but High warmth low status and not competitive ex. housewife, elderly |
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Contemptuous Stereotype |
Low competence and Low warmth low status, competitive poor people, welfare recipients |
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Admiration |
High competence and High warmth high status, not competitive in-group |
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Envious Stereotype |
High competence and Low warmth high status, competitive Asian, Jew, rich people |
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self-fulfilling prophesy |
Stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups – these can create conditions that lead to confirmation |
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Stereotype threat |
refers to concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype of one’s social identity group – can create reduced performance, or make some people avoid performing altogether |
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Prejudice |
irrational positive or negative attitude toward person or group, prior to actual experience with that entity |
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Socialization |
results in formation of attitudes about our own groups and social identities – prejudice can form when another group is different from ours |
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Propaganda |
is a common way that organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others, invoking fear and difference |
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Discrimination |
the behavior that occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular social identity group to be treated differently – often negatively |
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Individual discrimination |
one person discriminating against another in interaction |
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Institutional discrimination |
often refers to discriminatory treatment of an entire group by an institution, such as the educational system |
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Basis for self-identity in earlier history |
more rigidly tied to ascribed identities like family social class |
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Basis for self-identity in contemporary societies |
greater social mobility, other sources increasingly important, such as gender identity or achieved statuses |
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agents of socialization |
parents, teachers, the media We are “socialized” into our social identities and self-identity also reinforced over time |
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Status |
position in society used to classify individuals – often hierarchical – may be social identities |
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Master status |
the status by which a person is most identified, often affects all aspects of life, often holds symbolic value ex. gender, race, age |
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Role |
set of beliefs, values, attitudes and norms that define expectations for those who hold a status ex. mother, father, daughter |
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Group |
two or more people who share similar characteristics and sense of unity – could share values, interests, ethnicity, social background, family ties, etc., strengthened by social interaction |
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Reference group |
establishes terms by which you evaluate yourself |
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Micro |
social level (single interactions) (Cooley) individual level |
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Meso |
social level (Barker) physical, socioeconomic, community |
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Macro |
social or structural level (Massey) policies and government |
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Cooley: the looking glass self |
We see ourselves in terms of how others perceive us We act & react to our imagination of their perceptions |
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Three components of the looking-glass self |
The imagination of our appearance to the other person. The imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and Some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification” |
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Barker: Self-help literature and FMS |
Identities are not only made through individual social interactions or totally determined by the stratification system at macro level We are ascribed, achieve, adopt and change social identities over life course, drawing on culturally & context specific sets of available identities |
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Criteria for creating an illness identity |
Identity-creation must take place at the meso- or macro-level to be legitimate Must enlist social and material resources that are legitimate (e.g. physician diagnosis) |
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Benefits of creating an illness identity |
affiliation with others & understanding of self on basis of shared experiences of symptoms & suffering, Legitimacy, Support from family & friends, Psychological relief, Research $$$? Chronic missed time from work (i.e. access to Parsons’ sick role) |
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Medicalization |
describes a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders |
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Psychosomatic |
somatic presentation of mental illness. |
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intra-personal self |
ideas individual has about own abilities, traits, etc. - psychology |
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inter-personal self |
manner in which others influence – sociology |
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Culture |
manifest in beliefs, behaviors & characteristics of group or society – not universal |
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Socialization |
is the process of developing, inheriting & spreading norms, customs & beliefs |
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cultural transmission or cultural learning |
Manner in which society socializes members |
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cultural diffusion |
spread of norms, customs, beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture |
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Primary socialization |
occurs during childhood (parents) |
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secondary socialization |
occurs in different institutions (schools, churches, sports fields) |
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Anticipatory socialization |
getting ready for future changes in social life (such as living together before marrying) |
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resocialization |
embracing different ways (military training) |
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Lareau: Middle class children grow up differently from lower class children |
Basis of child rearing changes over time this author goes over the different types of raising children and the effects of socializing them in larger institutions |
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concerted cultivation |
Fostering of skills & talentsParent instills in child sense of entitlement & agency when dealing with adults & authority figuresChild sees institutions as malleable to his/her wants & needs |
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Natural Growth |
Few organized activities - structure own time; lots of “hanging out” with kinChild learns not to question, but to distrust institutions & authority figures by observing parentsEmerging sense of constraint |
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Cultural Repertoires |
culturally-based strategies of action & modes of thinking |
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social capital |
investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards =more integration and inclusion |
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Cultural capital |
refers to benefits one receives from knowledge, skills & abilities (valued in that culture) |
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Bourdieu's Habitus |
Internalized set of practices, schemas, knowledges & competences of the world that shapes, conditions & structures perception of the world as well as social interaction |
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How is habitus shaped? |
the past socialization of individuals, an historical orientation that shapes present & future perceptions, appreciation & social practices |
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Structures and Habitus |
provide a template for ways of doing things but they are not universal rules |
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Habitus reproduction |
Ever changing habitus is transferred intergenerationally |
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Habitus transformations |
micro evolutions & individual versions can aggregate up to change structures, norms |
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Hancock & Garner Habitus |
the concept of habitus refutes the concepts of class consciousness and false consciousness because there is no conscious decision to participate in a class, one inhabits it due to historical, temporal positioning, because of the times and places within which one has been and is situated. |
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Pollan: Americas national eating disorder |
in absence of a strong dominant culture & processes that socialize us into that culture, a heterogeneous set of food cultures emerges – or lawlessness & confusion! |
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Infant mortality rate |
Has gone down over the years but there are still disparities between races |
