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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood vessels that are in the outer layer of the largest blood vessel are called...
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vasa vasorum
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Contraction of the heart is from a specialized group of muscle cells located in the _____ of the heart.
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sinoatrial node
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Middle layer of the heart is called
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myocardium
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innermost layer of the heart
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endocardium
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structure that contains most lowest amount of oxygen
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vena cava
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innermost layer of arteries and veins
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tunica intima
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middle layer of arteries and veins
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tunica media
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outermost layer of arteries in veins
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tunica externa
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elastic recoil of arteries contributes to which component of blood pressure
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diastolic
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vessels in the cardiovascular system that has valves:
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veins
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P wave indicates:
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atria depolarizing
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membrane closest to heart:
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visceral epicardium
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Cardiac conjunction system in order:
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SA Node, AV node, AV bundle, Purknje fibers
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T wave represents:
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ventricular repolarization
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cardiac control center:
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medulla oblongata
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heartbeat is initiated in which part of the heart?
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Right atrium
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____ &____ carry oxygen-poor blood
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pulmonary arteries, and vena cava
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____&_____ belong to the pulmonary circuit:
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pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
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pericardial fluid is found between
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parietal and visceral membranes
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oppening and closing of heart valves is caused by...
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pressure gradiants
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Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle share this feature...
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striations
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Pacemaker that initiates each heart beat...
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SA node
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Pacemaker potential is result of...
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Na inflow
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Plateau in action potential of cardiac muscle results from action of
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slow Ca channels
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SA node is damaged, BPM is about..
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40-50bpm
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SA node and AV node damaged BPM is about...
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20-40bpm, requires pacemaker asap
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum provides most of the Ca needed for...
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myocardial contraction
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When does atrial systole begin...
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after the P wave
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When does atrial depoloarization begin...
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P wave
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Force that drives reabsorbtion at the venous end of a capillary is
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blood colloid osmotic pressure
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During isovolumetric contraction the ventricle pressure
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rises rapidly
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Sequence of cardiac events...
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ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxtion
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ventricle fillings occurs during...
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atrial systole
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CHF of right ventricle can cause....
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systemic edema
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what causes increased stroke volume....
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increased venous return
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Cardiac output is...
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the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute..
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most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is..
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blood hydrostatic pressure
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most bloood is in the
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veins
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vasomotion is associated with
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smooth muscle and tunica media
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Varicrose veins are caused by..
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failure of venous valves
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the velocity of blood flow incrases when...
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viscosity increases
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most important effect of blood velocity
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vessel radius
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all increase blood pressure...
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norepi, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin
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B/P that is considered hypertensive...
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140/90
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2 hormones that are vasoconstrictors and one that increases heart rate
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epinephrine, angiotensin ll, & epinephrine
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four mechanisims of movement through capillary wall...
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reabsorbtion, transcytosis, filtration, diffusion
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ateries carry blood..
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away from heart
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veins carry blood...
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to the heart
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capillaries connect..
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smallest arteries to veins
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tunica media consists of which type of muscle...
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smooth, collagen, and elastic tissue
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vasomotion
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changes in diameter of the blood vessel braught about by smooth muscle
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tunica externa consists of____ tissue
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loose connective tissue, merges with neighboring blood vessels
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vasa vasorum
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small vessels that supply blood to at least the outer half of the larger vessels.
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arteries are called resistance vessels because...
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they are relatively strong, resilent tissue that risists high b/p
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conducting (elastic of large) arteries
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biggest arteries
-layer of elastic tissue -ex. aorta, carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk |
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distributing (muscular or medium) arteries:
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-distributes blood to specific organs
-ex. brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries -smooth muscle layers |
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resistance (small) arteries:
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-thicker tunica media
-smallest arteries |
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arterial sense organs:
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monitor blood pressure and chemistry
-carotid sinuses, carotid bodies, aortic bodies |
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carotid bodies:
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chemoreceptors:
-branch of common carotid monitor blood chemistry -adjust rr, stabalize pH, CO2,O2 |
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carotid sinuses:
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baroreceptors: (pressure sensors)
monitors b/p -walls of carotid artery |
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aortic bodies:
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chemoreceptors:
-walls of aortic arch -monitor blood chemistry |
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capillaries:
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sites where nutrients, wastes, and hormoes pass between blood and tissue fluid through walls of vessels.
-composes of endothelium and basal lamina |
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continous capillaries:
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-in most tissue
-allow passage of solutes like glucose -endothialial cells have tight junctions forming intercellular clefts |
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fenestrated capillaries:
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-kidneys, small intestine
-rapid absorbtion or filtration -holes called filtration pores (fenestrations) -allow passage of small molecules |
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sinusoids (discontinous cappilaries)
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-liver, bone marrow, spleen
-allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter circulation |
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Capillary beds:
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-cappillaries organized into networks, supplies by sigle metarteriole
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throughfare channel:
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metarteriole that continues through capillary bed into venule
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precapillary sphincters:
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control which beds are perfused
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sphincters open:
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capillaries well perfused with blood and exhange with tissue fluid
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sphincters closed:
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blood bypasses capillaries, flows throughfare channel to venule
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Veins: (capacitance vessels):
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-less muscular and elastic tissue
-greater capacity for blood containment -steady blood flow -collapse when empty -remains 10 mm Hg |
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common route of ciculatory system:
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heart->arteries->aterioles->capillaries->venules->veins->heart
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principles of blood flow:
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flow and perfusion.
-important for delivery of nutriens and oxygen, removal of metabolic wastes |
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hemodynamics:
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principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance
flow is proprtionalr to difference in pressure divided by resistants to flow. -greater the pressure greater the flow -greater the resistance, less the flow |
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systolic pressure:
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peak arterial pressure during contraction
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diastolic pressure:
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minimum arterial pressure during ventricle relaxtion
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pulse pressure:
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difference between systolic and distolic pressure,
-measure of stress exerted on small arteries |
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mean arterial pressure (MAP)
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mean pressure one would obtrain by taking measurements at several intervals throughout cardiac cycle
-most influences edema, fainting, kidney failure, atherosclerosis, aneurysm |
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B/P is determined by..
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cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance
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Peripheral resistance
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opposition to flow that vlood encounters in vessels away from the heart
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Three variables to peripheral reisstance:
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-blood viscocity
-vessel length -vessel radius |
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vasocontriction:
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smooth muscle contraction
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vasodilation:
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relaxtion of smooth muscle
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vasomotion:
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quick powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow
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three ways of controlloing vasomotion
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local, neural, and hormonal
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cardiac output is determined by this formula.
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HR X SV
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