Exam 2 Pol 202 & Span 101

Front 1

estar perdido

Back 1

no saber como llegar a un lugar

Front 2

puente

Back 2

construccion que conecta dos lugares

Front 3

pasajero

Back 3

persona que toma el metro

Front 4

cotidiano

Back 4

todos los dias

Front 5

relajarse

Back 5

reducir la tension que uno tiene

Front 6

residir

Back 6

vivir en un apartamento

Front 7

disfrutar

Back 7

pasarlo bien

Front 8

letrero

Back 8

anuncio escrito

Front 9

periodista

Back 9

journalist

Front 10

entretener

Back 10

entertain

Front 11

oyente

Back 11

listener

Front 12

imparcial

Back 12

unbiased

Front 13

destacado

Back 13

prominent

Front 14

robar

Back 14

llevarse algo contra la voluntad del dueno

Front 15

invocar

Back 15

llamar a algo o a alguien

Front 16

sangre

Back 16

liquido que corre por las venas

Front 17

arma

Back 17

instrumento capaz de lastimar a otra persona

Front 18

encrucijada

Back 18

punto de donde dos caminos se cruzan

Front 19

adivinar

Back 19

dar una respuesta sin estar seguro de ella

Front 20

pasamontanas

Back 20

articulo que cubre toda la cabeza hasta el cuello

Front 21

arma

Back 21

descarga de un arma de fuego

Front 22

acontecimiento

Back 22

event

Front 23

parcialidad

Back 23

bias

Front 24

destacado

Back 24

prominent

Front 25

locutor de radio

Back 25

radio announcer

Front 26

redactor

Back 26

editor

Front 27

banda sonora

Back 27

soundtrack

Front 28

cadena

Back 28

network

Front 29

estreno

Back 29

premire

Front 30

pantalla

Back 30

screen

Front 31

ensayar

Back 31

rehearse

Front 32

entrevistar

Back 32

interview

Front 33

grabar

Back 33

record

Front 34

portada

Back 34

front page

Front 35

prensa

Back 35

press

Front 36

titular

Back 36

headlines

Front 37

alma

Back 37

soul

Front 38

disparo

Back 38

shot

Front 39

rasgos

Back 39

features

Front 40

arrepentirse

Back 40

regret

Front 41

castigar

Back 41

punish

Front 42

enganar

Back 42

trick

Front 43

firmar

Back 43

sign

Front 44

exito

Back 44

success

Front 45

golpear

Back 45

beat drums

Front 46

castigo

Back 46

punishment

Front 47

desaparicion

Back 47

disappearance

Front 48

desesperacion

Back 48

desperation

Front 49

estanteria

Back 49

bookcase

Front 50

hallazgo

Back 50

discovery

Front 51

suelo

Back 51

ground

Front 52

vigilar

Back 52

watch

Front 53

Elena Pontiatowska

Back 53

escritora la jornada

Front 54

Gael Garcia Bernal

Back 54

actor

Front 55

Diego River

Back 55

murales

Front 56

Wifredo Lam

Back 56

pintor chino europa africana e india

Front 57

Rosario Ferre

Back 57

escritora mas de letras papeles de pandora

Front 58

Julia de Burgos

Back 58

poemas

Front 59

Oscar de la renta

Back 59

moda y diseno

Front 60

Past tense - preterite -ar verbs

Back 60

-ar: -e(accent), -aste, -o(accent), -amos, -aron

Front 61

Preterite: -er, -ir verbs

Back 61

-er, -ir: -i(accent), -iste, -io(accent), -imos, -ieron

Front 62

past tense verbs that end in -car, -gar, -zar

Back 62

-car: -qu- (busque(accent))
-gar: -gu- (llegue(accent))
-zar: -c- (empece(accent))

Front 63

past tense: caer, creer, leer, and oir and verbs that end in -uir

Back 63

change -i- to -y- in usted/el/ella and in ustedes/ellos/ellas

cayo,cayeron
creyo, creyeron....

Front 64

preterite irregular: u-stem
andar
estar
poder
poner
saber
tener

Back 64

anduv-
estuv-
pud-
pus-
sup-
tuv-

Front 65

Preterite irregular: i-stem
hacer
querer
venir

Back 65

hic-
quis-
vin-

Front 66

preterite irregular: j-stem
conducir
decir
traer

Back 66

conduj-
dij-
traj-

Front 67

preterite: ser/ir

Back 67

fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron

Front 68

preterite: dar

Back 68

di
diste
dio
dimos
dieron

Front 69

preterite: ver

Back 69

vi
viste
vio
vimos
vieron

Front 70

preterite is used when

Back 70

describe actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past

described action that interrupted the ongoing activity

Front 71

imperfect is used when

Back 71

to narrate the past events without focusing on their beginning, end, or completion

narrates what was going on at a certain time in the past (often background information)

describes what was happening

Front 72

Imperfect: -ar verbs

Back 72

-aba
-abas
-aba
-a(accent)bamos
-aban

Front 73

Imperfect: -er, -ir verbs

Back 73

-i(accent)a
-i(accent)as
-i(accent)a
-i(accent)amos
-i(accent)an

Front 74

Imperfect Irregular: ir

Back 74

iba
ibas
iba
i(accent)bamos
iban

Front 75

Imperfect Irregular: ser

Back 75

era
eras
era
e(accent)ramos
eran

Front 76

Imperfect irregular: ver

Back 76

vei(accent)a
Vei(accent)as
vei(accent)a
vei(accent)amos
vei(accent)an

Front 77

Words/expressions used with imperfect

Back 77

de nino/nina (as a child)
todos los dias (every day)
mientras (while)

Front 78

Uses of preterite (past)

Back 78

actions viewed by speaker as completed
beginning or end of a past action
narrate series of past actions

Front 79

uses of imperfect

Back 79

describe ongoing past action without reference to beginning or end
to express habitual past actions
describe past mental/physical/emotional states
tell time

Front 80

Subjunctive: -ar

Back 80

-e
-es
-e
-emos
-en

Front 81

subjunctive: -er, -ir

Back 81

-a
-as
-a
-amos
-an

Front 82

irregular yo forms have same irregularity in subjunctive

Back 82

conozca
diga
haga
oiga
ponga
siga
tenga
traiga
venga
vea

Front 83

subjunctive: verbs with stem changes

Back 83

piense
juegue
muestre
entienda
resuelva
pida
pienta
duerma

Front 84

subjunctive irregular dar

Back 84

de(accent)
des
de(accent)
demos
den

Front 85

subjunctive irregular: estar

Back 85

este(accent)
este(accent)s
este(accent)
estemos
este(accent)n

Front 86

subjunctive irregular: ir

Back 86

vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayan

Front 87

subjunctive irregular: saber

Back 87

sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepan

Front 88

subjunctive irregular: ser

Back 88

sea
seas
sea
seamos
sean

Front 89

absolute advantage

Back 89

ability country to produce more of particular good/service than other countries using same amount of effort/resources

Front 90

comparative advantage

Back 90

ability of country to produce particular good more efficiently than other goods that this country produces

Front 91

Opportunity cost

Back 91

what a country forgoes in order to produce particular product

Front 92

opportunity cost example

Back 92

(from table)
England must forgo 2 bolts of cloth to make a barrel of wine
Portugal must forgo 1 1/2 bolts of cloth to make a barrel of wine, or it can give up 2/3 a barrel of wine to produce a bolt of cloth
opportunity cost of producing cloth is lower in England, and opportunity cost of producing wine is lower in Portugal

Front 93

factors of production

Back 93

resources necessary for economic activity

Front 94

Two factors of production

Back 94

land (essential for agricultural production)
human capital (skilled labor)

Front 95

trade barriers

Back 95

tarrif
nontarrif barriers to trade

Front 96

tarrif

Back 96

tax on imports levied at border
paid by importer and quota

Front 97

quota

Back 97

limits quantity of a foreign good that can be sold domestically

Front 98

Nontarrif barrier to trade

Back 98

impediments to the import of foreign goods
anti-dumping measures

Front 99

trade liberalization

Back 99

removal of trade barriers for imports/exports in an attempt to make national producers more competitive in world markets

Front 100

international org that promotes trade liberalization

Back 100

GATT - general agreement on tariffs and trade
promotes liberalization

Front 101

Why are producers of domestic goods more likely to succeed in promoting trade policy than consumers of those products?

Back 101

producers more organized than consumers
b/c producers want to be assured the financial stability from trade policy
producers have unions to help promote trade policy.

Front 102

dumping

Back 102

Selling goods below true cost of production to drive out competitors, gain market share

Front 103

By what means does the World Trade Organization enforce its dispute settlements?

Back 103

retaliatory tariffs
Complaints sent to the Dispute Settlement Body
DSB investigate alleged rule violation
issue report that becomes ruling w/in 60 days

Front 104

What happens if the World Trade Organizations settlement dispute is not overturned after report is issued?

Back 104

ruling becomes binding, retaliatory tariffs put into place

Front 105

foreign portfolio investment

Back 105

investor given claim on some income
no role in managing investment

Front 106

foreign direct investment

Back 106

investing in foreign country via the acquisition of local facility
direct investors maintain managerial control of operation

Front 107

Why do private investors invest abroad?

Back 107

make more money
higher interest rates in developing countries encourages capital to flow from richer to poorer countries
those with capital want to move money to where profits are higher

Front 108

Why do poor countries borrow from abroad?

Back 108

Capital scare in poor countries
international investors want to take money from capital rich countries to capital poor one's

Front 109

Explain the apparent paradox that while capital is more scarce in developing countries, most foreign investment takes place in industrialized countries.

Back 109

Investment in developing country is risky b/c those governments less stable and may undertake practices to devalue investment
Even though interest rates higher in industrialized country which should motivate more foreign investment: does not happen b/c of ricks that come w/ developing countries

Front 110

concessional finance

Back 110

Loans to developing countries w/o interest rates or interest rates well below available in marketplace

Front 111

international organization that practices concessional finance

Back 111

The World Bank

Front 112

IMF what it stands for and principal concern and focuses itself on

Back 112

International Monetary Fund, 1994
financial crisis in developing countries
international financial system, debt crisis, currency crises

Front 113

What is the International Monetary Fund's role in international finance relations?

Back 113

negotiate w/ country’s government to facilitate bargaining amongst nation-states
Promotes international monetary cooperation

Front 114

multinational corporation

Back 114

MNC
enterprise - operates in # of countries, production/service facilities outside country of origin

Front 115

two common criticisms of multinational corporations

Back 115

outsourcing of jobs to foreign countries w/ much lower wages
look for pollution friendly countries to open factories....... China and Mexico
Look for ethically lax governments

Front 116

austerity measures

Back 116

Policy of deficit:
cutting by lowering spending, reduction in benefits provided to pubic services

Front 117

example of austerity measures

Back 117

Wisconsin in 2011
heavily cutting funding to schools

Front 118

domestic group that prefers weaker currency

Back 118

National producers who export to other countries

Front 119

why does domestic group want a weaker currency?

Back 119

more countries will want to import product b/c cheaper

Front 120

domestic group that prefers stronger currency

Back 120

Domestic consumers

Front 121

why does domestic group want a stronger currency?

Back 121

imports cheaper to buy
increases national purchasing power

Front 122

monetary policy

Back 122

government’s ability to raise/lower rates based on broad macroeconomic conditions (inflation, unemployment, economic growth)
powerful national government tool
influences macroeconomic conditions

Front 123

How do governments use monetary policy to respond to macroeconomic conditions?

Back 123

Governments alter monetary policies by changing national interest/exchange rates

Front 124

Fixed exchange rate

Back 124

government commits to keep currency at/around specific value in terms of other currency

Front 125

historical/current example of fixed exchange rate

Back 125

1870’s-1914 gold was standard value

Front 126

Floating exchange rate

Back 126

government permits its currency to be traded on open market w/o direct government control or intervention

Front 127

historical/current example of floating exchange rate

Back 127

Current policy for U.S. dollar

Front 128

one key advantage of fixed exchange rate

Back 128

stability and predictability
encourages international trade, investment

Front 129

one key disadvantage of fixed exchange rate

Back 129

country has little/no control of currency
cannot use monetary policies in financial crisis

Front 130

one key advantage of floating exchange rate

Back 130

government’s ability to freely pursue its own monetary policies
currency's value fluctuates freely, driven by markets/other factors

Front 131

one key disadvantage of floating exchange rate

Back 131

rates move around and are not very predictable
makes investment and trade hard

Front 132

How was the value of the US dollar set during the Bretton Woods System?

Back 132

dollar tied to gold
set rate of $35/ounce

Front 133

How was the value of other major currencies (British pound, French franc) set during the Bretton Woods System?

Back 133

on fixed but adjustable rate set to US dollar

Front 134

Why can't geographic location fully explain why some countries are poor and others are rich?

Back 134

deal of variation btwn countries w/in the same regions: domestic interests/institutions, fiscal/monetary policies
deals w/ countries economic decisions
US vs. Mexico

Front 135

infrastructure

Back 135

basic structures w/in country that are public goods that increase development
physical and social infrastructure, economics institutions
transportation and telecommunications networks, power and water supply

Front 136

why is infrastructure important for economic development?

Back 136

gain access to resources
make international trade easier
import/export goods passible

Front 137

primary products

Back 137

Raw materials and agricultural products - unporcessed

Front 138

examples of primary products

Back 138

coco beans and lumber

Front 139

secondary sectors

Back 139

industry products/materials

Front 140

tertiary sectors

Back 140

services

Front 141

"terms of trade"

Back 141

relationship btwn country’s export prices and import prices

Front 142

Why is a declining terms of trade important to development?

Back 142

If country gets less for what they sell and has to pay more for what they buy it will hurt development

Front 143

ISI stands for

Back 143

Import substitution industrialization

Front 144

Explain the aims of the development policy known as ISI.

Back 144

reduce imports
encourage domestic manufacturing through trade barriers and subsidies

Front 145

2 specific government policies consistent with Import Substitution Industrialization

Back 145

Government provision of industrial services: electric power, finance, transport
trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers

Front 146

EOI stands for

Back 146

export-oriented industrialization (aka export substitution industrialization)

Front 147

what is the EOI

Back 147

policies that encourage manufacturers to produce for foreign consumers
tax breaks to exporters
low cost loans
weak currency makes products artificially cheap

Front 148

How does EOI differ as a development policy from ISI?

Back 148

EOI is to spur manufacturing for exports and ISI is to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing

Front 149

the Washington Consensus

Back 149

Policy recommendations by developed country economists and policy makers:
trade liberalization, privatization and openness to foreign investment

Front 150

consumer surplus

Back 150

some consumers would purchase at higher prices
surplus is what consumers as whole save from a lower price

Front 151

producer surplus

Back 151

some producers would produce goods at lower prices
surplus is what produces as a whole gain by higher price

Front 152

privatization

Back 152

selling of government enterprises to private investors who would run them more efficiently

Front 153

protectionism

Back 153

measures to shield domestic producers from imports