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301 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of neuron has “split ends” that contact lots of muscle cells?
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Motor neuron
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Give an example of muscles that have reduced force movements
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fingers, eyes, vocal chords
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What kind of muscle contraction results in movement?
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Isotonic
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What type of muscle contraction does not result in movement?
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Isometric
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What is the sustained contraction of a group of muscles, like to maintain posture?
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Tone
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The period of time following depolarization in which a neuron or muscle cell will not respond to a typical stimulus?
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Refractory period
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Which group of cells have a refractory period that is not subdivided into absolute and relative?
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Skeletal muscles
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Refractory period where the cells absolutely will not respond to another stimulus
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Absolute refractory period
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During the absolute refractory period, which gates are open in the neurons?
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Sodium gates
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During the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle, what other gates besides sodium are open?
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Calcium gates
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At what time will a cell respond to a stimulus only if it is greater that what is usually required?
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Relative refractory period
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What gates are open during the relative refractory period?
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Potassium gates
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What is it called if a second stimulus is applied soon after the refractory period ends, but before relaxation begins and the following contraction is greater than the first?
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Wave summation
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What will happen if a second stimulus is applied soon after the refractory period ends but before relaxation begins?
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Following contraction is greater than the first.
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What is it called when cold muscles contract with only 30%- 50% of their strength?
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Treppe
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An involuntary sustained state of contraction?
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Tetany
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Tetany when stimulations are very frequent, and no relaxation occurs?
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Complete tetany
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Tetany that allows for some relaxation and tone “quivers”?
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Incomplete tetany
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What happens when we spend more ATP than what can be generated by mitochondrial action alone?
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Oxygen debt
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Which respiration is happening when there is enough oxygen present to meet the demand of ATP production?
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Aerobic respiration
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Which type of respiration is a form of fermentation?
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Anaerobic respiration
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What is the intermediate molecule that accumulates, rather than burning fuel to CO2 and water?
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Lactic acid
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What is lactic acid broken down into?
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CO2 and water
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Does pH in the body increase or decrease when lactate levels increase?
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Increase
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About how much tension can an average mammalian muscle exert?
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3-4 kg/ sq. cm
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During what part of the cardiac cycle does the contraction phase occur?
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Systole
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During what part of the cardiac cycle does the relaxation phase occur?
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Diastole
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Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
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Right side
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The atria are is diastole when the ventricles are doing what?
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Contracting
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What is happening when the atria begin to fill with blood?
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Ventricular systole
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What is happening when blood is flowing from atrium to ventricle?
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Ventricular diastole
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A sharp increase in ventricular pressure while all heart valves are closed?
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Ventricular systole
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Increase that results from atria kicking last 30% of blood into ventricles?
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Atrial Kick
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When blood gushes through semi lunar valves; v-pressure exceeds a-pressure?
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Rapid Ejection Phase
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When ejection is almost complete and ejection slows down?
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Reduced Ejection Phase
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What is considered the isometric contraction phase?
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Ventricular systole
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What brings on a drop in ventricular pressure just before the SL valves close?
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Protodiastolic phase
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What phase is happening when all valves are closed and the pressure drops in the ventricle?
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Isometric relaxation phase
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What phase is happening when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure and AV valves open and blood flows into ventricles?
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Rapid inflow phase
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When in the ventricular pressure curve is the ventricle again relaxed?
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Diastasis
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What curve shows the pressure changes in the atria during a cardiac cycle?
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Atrial pressure curve
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What is the sharp increase in aortic pressure after the aortic valve closes; results from momentary backflow of blood?
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Dicrotic notch
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When does the volume increase until ventricular systole begins?
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Ventricular volume curve
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What are the sounds that are heard when blood jets and squirts past a partially closed artery?
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Korotkoff sounds
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When the cuff pressure is higher or lower than the arterial pressure is there no sound detected at the elbow?
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Higher
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Which wave in an EKG represents the electrical activity associated with the spread of impulse over the atria from the SA node?
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P Wave
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The first sound in blood pressure is heard when?
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When cuff pressure first drops below arterial pressure
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About how long does a P wave last?
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.08-.1 seconds
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What sound is heard below the diastolic pressure?
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None
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Which wave in an EKG represents the spread of impulse over the ventricles?
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QRS Complex
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Arrays of electrical connections to the chest?
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Leads
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Which part of the QRS complex is associated with depolarization of the interventricular septum?
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Q
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Who won the Nobel prize in 1923 for discovering leads?
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Willem Einthoven
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How long does a QRS complex last?
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06-.12 seconds
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What would excess amplitude in a QRS complex indicate?
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Hypertrophy
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What does a T Wave represent?
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Ventricular repolarization
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What is the maximum amplitude of a QRS complex?
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2.5mV
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What channels are open in muscle cells that cause the muscle to be in absolute refractory?
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Calcium Channel
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Which EKG wave represents the time between SA node activation and AV node activation?
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PR interval
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How long does absolute refractory last in cardiac muscle?
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250 msec
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Why is a PR interval named so?
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Because the downward stroke of the Q is often absent
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What hormone speeds up the passage of calcium, therefore increasing heart rate and force of contraction?
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Epinephrine
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About how long can a PR interval last?
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.16- .2 seconds
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Give an example of a drug that slows the passage of calcium in the heart?
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Verapamil
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What will slowing the passage of calcium do for the heart?
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Lengthen depolarization
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What is it called when rhythm is irregular?
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Arrhythmia/ disrrhythmia
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Which EKG interval includes all electrical activity that occurs in the ventricles?
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QT interval
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What is it when the heart rate is too fast?
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Tachycardia
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Which segment in an EKG reading is isoelectric?
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ST segment
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What is it called when a heart rate is too slow?
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Bradycardia
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Slopes found in the ST segment indicate what?
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Muscle damage/ MI
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What is a sudden outburst of tachycardia?
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Paroxysmal tachycardia
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What is the name for the pattern of recurrence?
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Rhythm
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What is it called when heart rates are over 250?
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Flutter
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Rapid, uncoordinated contractions as ventricular muscle cells contract independently?
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Fibrillation
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What would cause a PR interval to be longer than .2 seconds?
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Atrial tissue infarct or ischemia
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Which fibrillation results in instant death?
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Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)
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What type of heart block occurs when some SA action potentials are not strong enough to get through the AV node?
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Second degree block
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What type of drugs reduce the refractory period?
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Digitalis, quinidine
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What happens to the ventricular beats in a second degree block?
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They are dropped
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What is the incomplete conduction of heart parts?
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Heart blocks
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What is a modified second degree block in which PR intervals are progressively prolonged until QRS is missed?
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A Mobits one or Wenckebach
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What type of heart block happens when the PR interval is longer than .2 seconds?
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First degree block
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What type of block is the P wave and the QRS complex independent?
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Third degree block
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In a third degree block, what is the ventricular rhythm controlled by?
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AV node
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Region of dead tissue, usually a result of a blocked artery?
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Infarct
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What can help treat a third degree block?
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Pacemaker
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Give an example of a drug other than aspirin or TPA that are thrombolytics?
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Streptokinase
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What is a block in the bundle braches that carry the impulse from the AV node to ventricles called?
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BBB Bundle Branch Block
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What is another name for heart sounds?
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Auscultations
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What does infarct mean in Latin?
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Stuffed or filled
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Which heart sound is caused by AV valves closing due to ventricular contraction?
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S-1
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A progressive disease that closes coronary arteries?
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Atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis
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What type of channels does water pass through to cross a cell membrane?
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Aquaporins
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Do fat soluble substances pass easily through a cell membrane?
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Yes
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Is the number that represents the interstitial hydrostatic pressure positive or negative?
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Negative
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Other than hydrostatic pressure, what is water movement regulated by?
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Colloid onchotic pressure
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What is the range for Interstitial hydrostatic pressure?
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-4 to -8 mmHg
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What is blood hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end?
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35 mmHg
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80% of the blood colloid osmotic pressure is from what?
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Blood albumins
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What is the blood hydrostatic pressure at the venous end?
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15 mmHg
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure is also known as what?
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Onchotic pressure
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What is the pressure by which fluid in the interstitial space is pushing back into the capillary?
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Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
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What percent of blood colloid osmotic pressure is from blood globulins?
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20%
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What spaces between endothelial cells allow the free flow of water and small molecules, but not blood proteins?
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Intercellular cleft
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What is the lymph flow for the entire body?
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1.5 and 2 mL/ min
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What is the pressure in the interstitial space that results from the presence of blood albumins that have leaked into the space?
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Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
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What is another name for elephantiasis?
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Filariasis
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What is the abbreviation for the Effective filtration pressure?
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Peff
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What is the nematode responsible for causing elephantiasis?
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Wuchereria Bancrofti
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How is the Peff calculated?
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(BHP + IOP) - (IHP+ BOP)
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What is one type of nutritional edema?
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Kwashiorkor
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How does 10% of the water in the body get back into blood?
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By lymph
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Which side of the heart is not performing properly in someone who has systemic edema?
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Right side
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Which side of the heart is not performing properly in someone who has pulmonary edema?
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Left side
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What happens to BP when dehydration is a problem?
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It rises
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What causes cardiac edema?
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Heart failure
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Does high sodium loss increase or decrease the relative cellular osmotic pressure?
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Increases
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What is a tamponode?
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Fluid in pericardial sac
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What happens to the cells when the relative cellular osmotic pressure increases?
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They over hydrate
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What is the name for a narrow spot in the aorta?
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Aortic coarctation
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What percent of cardiac output goes to the lungs?
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100%
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What happens when water is lost from blood?
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Dehydration
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary?
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25/8 mmHg
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What does a decrease in pulmonary ventilation in a specific region of the lungs cause?
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Vasoconstriction
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What percent of CO does the cerebrum get?
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15%
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Decreased oxygen to most organs results in what action of the arterioles?
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Vasodilation
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What is the measurement of the flow to the cerebrum?
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750mL/min
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The coronary gets what percent of CO?
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5%
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A decrease in what element in muscles leads vasodilation in a specific area?
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O2
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What is the measurements of the cardiac output in the coronary vessels?
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250mL/min at rest and 1250mL/min with exertion
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What type of blood flow control in the muscles does an increase in CO2, lactate, or H+ lead to vasodilation in a specific area?
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Local control
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What hormone causes cells to dump potassium?
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Aldosterone
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In what blood flow control method in muscles does Ach cause dilation in vessels?
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Non-local control
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Skin gets about what percent of CO?
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8%
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When someone’s skin is pink, what does that tell us about their blood flow?
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Fast and constricted
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What happens to vessels when body temp increases?
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Vasodilation
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What happens to vessels when body temp decreases?
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Vasoconstriction
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At what temp is hypothalamic control compromised?
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94F
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At what temp is hypothalamic control lost?
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85F
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What temp does the heart stop?
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77F
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A dilation of the wall of an artery, vein, or the heart that can cause local weakness in the vessel or heart wall?
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Aneurysm
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In atherosclerosis, where does the plaque deposits build up?
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In vessel wall
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Damaged platelets due to increased turbulence can cause what?
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Blood clot
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What is another term for a blood clot?
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Thrombus
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What is a blood clot that is located where it formed?
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Thrombus
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What is a blood clot that is not located where it was formed?
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Embolus
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What is the name for the class of drugs that help lower LDL values?
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Statins
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What are some examples of statins?
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Lipitor, zocor, provacol
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What type of drugs are given to break up clots?
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Thrombolytics
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Which thrombolytic is genetically engineered?
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TNK
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What does the abbreviation CABG stand for?
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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What is a treatment for blocked coronary arteries?
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CABG
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Which coronary treatment involves a long balloon catheter that is threaded into the narrow vessel?
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Coronary angioplasty
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What are the metal pipes that look like they are made from chain link fence that help hold open the artery?
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stent
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What is the name for above normal blood pressure?
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Hypertension
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What does idiopathic mean?
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unknown
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What type of hypertension is a result of vasoconstriction of arterioles?
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Primary hypertension
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What type of hypertension can be a result of atherosclerosis or kidney disease?
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Secondary hypertension
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What can happen to the brain with hypertension?
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Cerebral hemorrhage
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What can happen to the heart with hypertension?
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Hypertrophy
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What happens to the kidneys with hypertension?
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Nephrosclerosis
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What is a decrease in blood pressure?
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Hypotension
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What percent of blood loss is fatal?
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40%
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What disease is caused when the gross serum cholesterol is over 250mg%?
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Hypercholesterolemia
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Smoking causes an increase in what hormones?
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What is the connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that stays open?
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Patent ductus arteriosis
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What does the ductus arteriosis become in a normal heart?
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Ligamentum arteriosis
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What happens to a valve that is stenotic?
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It is hardening, too tight
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Tetralogy of Fallot causes what?
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Cyanosis
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What is it called when the aorta arises close to where the septum should be?
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Aortic dextroposition
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What is the standard atmospheric pressure?
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760 mmHg
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What law states that the sum of all partial pressures equal to the standard atmospheric pressure?
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Dalton’s law
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What is the percent of O2 in dry air?
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21%
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What is the percent of N2 in dry air?
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76%
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What law states that the quantity of gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at a constant temp?
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Henry’s law
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What tool is used to determine atmospheric pressure?
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Barometer
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What holds more gas, hot water or cold water?
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Cold water
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An increase in alveolar O2 causes an increase or decrease on plasma O2?
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Increase
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To displace CO2 from myoglobin, what type of machine is used?
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Hyperbaric chamber
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About how many atmospheric pressures of pure oxygen is needed to displace CO2 from myoglobin?
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2-3
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How many feet below the surface of the sea is the equivalent of another atmosphere of pressure?
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30 ft.
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What disease do deep sea divers get if they try to surface too fast?
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The bends
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What is the value of O2 in alveolar air during external respiration?
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104 mmHg
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What is the value of O2 in pulmonary arterial blood?
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40 mmHg
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What is the value of CO2 in alveolar air?
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40 mmHg
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What is the value of CO2 in pulmonary arterial blood?
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45 mmHg
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What happens to oxygen levels with increased altitude?
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Reduced O2 levels
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What is the Partial pressure of oxygen at 30,000 ft.?
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30 mmHg
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Water is what percent of air when humidity is 100%?
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6.2%
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How do our bodies try to compensate for reduced oxygen levels?
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Increased hematocrit, hyperventilation
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What is the average thickness of an alveolar membrane?
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.5 microns
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What is the phospholipid that decreases the surface tension of water in the alveolus?
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Surfactant
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What is the optimal ratio between air flow to the lungs and blood flow to the lungs?
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.8
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What happens when the ventilation perfusion ratio is less than .8?
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Normal perfusion, ventilation problem
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What happens when the ventilation perfusion ratio is greater than .8?
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Normal ventilation, perfusion problem
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How much oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
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3%
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Does Hb dump O2 in a right shift or left shift?
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Right shift
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Explain the Bohr Effect:
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When there is a reduced CO2 content and high pH, Hb makes a left shift and takes on O2. Opposite occurs at body cells other than lungs.
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What is produced in RBCs during long term hypoxia?
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2,3 BPG
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What is the name for 2,3 BPG?
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Diphosphoglycerate
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When fetal blood carries CO2 to be dumped into mom’s blood, what is the pH like?
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Alkaline
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When the fetal blood becomes more alkaline, which shift does the Hb make?
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Left shift
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What is produced in lung epithelium and causes vasodilation?
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Nitrous oxide
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What is made with the combination of Hb and Oxygen?
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HbO8
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Myoglobin transports oxygen through cytoplasm in what cells?
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Muscle
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How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?
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8%
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20% of CO2 is associated with what proteins?
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Carbamino proteins
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Most CO2 is transported as what molecule?
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HCO3-
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What is the enzyme that facilitates the reaction of CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid?
|
Carbonic anhydrase
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72% of CO2 in the body exists as what molecules?
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Bicarbonate and carbonic acid
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What is the central control for respiration?
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Medulla
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The carotid sinus and aortic bodies are very sensitive to a drop in what molecule?
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O2
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What are the neurons that bring about regular breathing?
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Autorhythmic inspiratory neurons
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What is hypercapnia?
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Elevated CO2 levels
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What happens to people that have COPD who are put on oxygen?
|
They stop breathing
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When we breathe in, what happens to the pressure inside our lungs?
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Goes down
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Why does the pressure in our lungs go down when we breathe in?
|
Volume inside lungs is increased, making the gas molecules farther apart, reducing the pressure in the lungs
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What is the term for when air enters the space between the pleural layers?
|
Pneumothorax
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What is the term for when blood enters the space between the pleural layers?
|
hemothorax
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What receptors in the carotid sinus and aortic bodies are primarily sensitive to drops in O2?
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Chemoreceptors
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Drops in PO2 levels results in an increase or decrease in respiratory rate?
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Increase
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Receptors in the lungs that detect stretch?
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Stretch receptors ( Hering-Breuer Reflex)
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Reflexes and breathing are somewhat controlled by what?
|
Nasal epithelium
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What is nasal epithelium sensitive to?
|
Toxic substances
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What other factors affect respiration rate?
|
Body temp, Epi & Norepi, Pain, Emotions, Muscle activity
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Do the PaO2 levels go up or down with exercise?
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Up
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Do the H+ ions go up or down with exercise?
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Up
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A drop in CO2 in blood causes Hb to make a right or left shift?
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Left
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COPD is an example of which category of respiratory disease?
|
Obstructive
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What does COPD stand for?
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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What muscular disease is a restrictive respiratory disease?
|
Kyphoscoliosis
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What does syncope mean?
|
dizziness
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When does S-2 occur?
|
Beginning of diastole
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What sound is made from a rapid inrush of blood into the ventricles?
|
S-3
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What type of heart sound is being heard if there are prominent S-3 and S-4 sounds?
|
Gallop Rhythm
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Abnormal sounds that occur before, between, or after S-1 and S-2?
|
Murmurs
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What is the term for the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute?
|
Cardiac output
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What is the stroke volume at rest?
|
70mL
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Of the three heart volumes, which one increases following an increase in after load?
|
ESV
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What is the volume of blood that enters the ventricle before ventricular contraction begins?
|
Preload
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What has the ability to change stroke volume?
|
EDV-preload
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With an increase in heart rate, is there an increase or decrease in filling time?
|
Decrease
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Which heart volume is related to the force of the contraction?
|
ESV
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ESV increases or decreases with increased sympathetic stimulation?
|
Decreases
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ESV is calculated how?
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Preload - stroke volume
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What happens to the cell membrane potential when it moves away from the threshold?
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hyperpolarization
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Which is more like squeezing a trigger, hyperpolarization or hypopolarization?
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hypopolarization
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What heart node is like a pacemaker?
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S-A node
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Stimulus from the vagus will increase or decrease the heart rate?
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Decrease
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What side of the vagus nerve contacts the S-A node?
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Right side
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What does the left side of the vagus nerve contact?
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A-V node
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How does vagal stimulus affect the potassium channels?
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Slows the closing of the channels
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What kind of receptors are sensitive to an increase in blood pressure?
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Pressoreceptors
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What type of pressoreceptor is sensitive to an increase in blood pressure and sends a message through the Glossopharyngeal?
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Carotid sinus reflex
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What type of receptors detect changes in blood gas and H+ content?
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Chemoreceptors
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Epinephrine and noreipinephrine are released by what?
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Adrenal medulla
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Epi and norepi are responsible for the slowing down of the permeability of what?
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Potassium
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Epi and norepi increase the permeability of what?
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Calcium
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Catecholamines are also what that increase the force of contractions in the heart?
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cardio tonics
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A conditioned heart has increase in heart rate and what?
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Stroke volume
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What kind of heart has an increased heart rate, but not an increase in stroke volume?
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Non conditioned heart
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For every 1C, how much does the heart rate increase?
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12-20 beats/min
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What is the name of the condition where serum potassium levels are elevated?
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Hyperkalemia
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Why is depolarization inhibited in hyperkalemia?
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Potassium is closer to equilibrium
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What does hyperkalemia do to the heart?
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Make it flaccid and dilated
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What is a normal serum calcium level?
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3.5-5mEq/L
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What condition is the gradient of potassium higher and more potassium leaks out?
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Hypokalemia
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What does hypokalemia do to the heart?
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Decreases heart rate, weakens contractions
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What condition causes calcium to diffuse into heart cells?
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Hypocalcemia
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What does excess calcium do to heart cells?
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Makes them twitchy; causes irregular contractions
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What condition does a lack of calcium reach the heart cells?
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Hypocalcemia
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What does hypocalcaemia do to the heart?
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Makes it flaccid
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What does hypocalcemia do to skeletal muscles?
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Makes them spasm
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Why do the skeletal muscles spasm with hypocalcemia?
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Because there is an increase in sodium and potassium permeability
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What condition inhibits the transport of calcium into cardiac cells?
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Hypernatremia
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What condition is caused by a high sodium loss?
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Hyponatremia
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What can hyponatremia do to the heart?
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Cause congestive heart failure
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What does hypernatremia do to the heart?
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Block heart contractions
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What are substances that increase heart tone and strengthen the force of contractions?
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cardio tonics
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What substances increase heart rate and force of contraction?
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Catechcholamines
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Can catecholamines be cardio tonics?
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Yes
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Give an example of a cardio tonic that is not a catecholamine?
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Digitalis from foxglove
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What substance is a cardio tonic that stimulates vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure?
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Dopamine
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How is the pressure of the flow of blood calculated?
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P(pressure)= R(resistance)x F(flow)
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When the kidneys detect a decrease in BP, they release what?
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Renin
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Renin converts what into angiotensin 1?
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angiotensinogen
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As blood passes through the lungs angiotensin 1 is then converted into what?
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Angiotensin II
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What is the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
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Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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What is another name for antidiuretic hormone?
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Vasopressin
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Is angiotensin II a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
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Vasoconstrcitor
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Does Norepinephrine have a greater or lesser influence on Beta receptors?
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Lesser
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Stimulation of Alpha-1 receptors causes what muscles to contract?
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Smooth
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Stimulation of Alpha-2 receptors causes what muscles to relax?
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Smooth
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Where are Beta-1 receptors located?
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Heart, kidneys, liver and adipose tissue
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Stimulation to Beta-1 receptors causes what?
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Increase heart rate and stimulates renin release
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Stimulation of Beta-2 receptors causes what?
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Inhibition
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Which drug is a nonselective Beta blocker?
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Propranolol
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What effect would Propranolol have on a Beta-1 receptor on the heart?
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Increase heart rate and strength
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What effect would Propranolol have on Beta-2 receptors on the bronchioles?
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Make them constrict
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Metaprolol is what type of Beta blocker?
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Specific to Beta-1’s
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