Exam 2 Info

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Constantine the Great

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Emperor Constantine I is often credited with converting the Roman Empire to Christianity. In fact, though he ended the persecution of Christians and eventually converted, some historians debate the true nature of his faith.

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Edict of Milan

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a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire. It was the outcome of a political agreement concluded in Milan between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius in February 313.

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Romulus Augustulus

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known to history as the last of the Western Roman emperors

For about 12 months Orestes ruled Italy in his son’s name, but eventually his troops mutinied and found a leader in the German warrior Odoacer. Odoacer’s forces captured and executed Orestes on August 28, 476. Romulus, however, was spared because of his youth; Odoacer gave him a pension and sent him to live with his relatives in Campania, a region of southern Italy

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Clovis

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was the first king of the Franks to unite all of theFrankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.[2] He is considered the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

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Justinian

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Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperialgovernment and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as theCodex Justinianus

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Convivencia

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is the period of Spanish history from the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early eighth century until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. In the different Moorish Iberian kingdoms, it is widely claimed that the Muslims, Christians andJews lived in relative peace. This period of religious diversity differs from later Spanish and Portuguese history when Catholicism became the sole religion in the Iberian Peninsula as a result of expulsions and forced conversions.

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Insular Style

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the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles. The term derives from insula, the Latin term for "island"; in this period Great Britain and Ireland shared a largely common style different from that of the rest of Europe. Art historians usually group insular art as part of the Migration Period art movement as well as Early Medieval Western art, and it is the combination of these two traditions that give the style its special character

Originates from the Irish monasticism of Celtic Christianity,

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Charlemagne

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was King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany.

the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier

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Carolingian Renaissance

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the first of three medieval renaissances, was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empireoccurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.

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Latin Christendom

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the term applied to the lands and peoples, primarily in Central, Western, and Southern Europe that practiced Roman Catholicism and ruled in religious matters by the Pope before the Protestant Reformation

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Primogeniture

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The most important is that it ensured succession to only one person; ensuring that the state would remain united after the king's death. Otherwise, if the king had many sons, the kingdom would be divided between his many sons.

is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn male child to inherit the family estate, in preference to younger sons (compare to ultimogeniture), daughters and siblings

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Three Orders

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Those who fight, those who pray, and those who labour

broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognised in the Middle Ages andEarly Modern period in Christian Europe. There was no single system of dividing society into estates, and systems developed over time.

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The First Crusade

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the first of a number of crusades that attempted to capture the Holy Lands, called byPope Urban II in 1095. It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western christendom and has ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099

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Twelfth Century Renaissance

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a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages. It included social, politicaland economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots. These changes paved the way for later achievements such as the literary and artistic movement of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century and the scientific developments of the 17th century

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Peter Abelard

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a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician.[1] He was also a composer. His affair with and love for Héloïse d'Argenteuil has become legendary.

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Chivalry

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is a code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood which developed between 1170 and 1220.

medieval code of chivalry had arisen from the idealisation of the early medieval synthesis of Germanic and Roman martial traditions —involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others

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Magna Carta

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which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament

is a charter agreed by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.[a] First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons

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Parliament

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an assembly of the representatives of a political nation or people, often the supreme legislative authority

the legislature of Great Britain, historicallythe assembly of the three estates, now composed of Lords Spiritualand Lords Temporal, forming together the House of Lords, andrepresentatives of the counties, cities, boroughs, and universities,forming the House of Commons.

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Dictatus Papae

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a compilation of 27 statements of powers arrogated to the Pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register under the year 1075

The principles expressed in Dictatus papae are those of the Gregorian Reform, which had been initiated by Gregory decades before he ascended the throne as Gregory VII. The axioms of the Dictatus advance the strongest case of papal supremacy and infallibility.

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Francis of Assisi

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an Italian Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women’s Order of St. Clare, and the Third Order of Saint Francis for men and women not able to live the lives of itinerant preachers, followed by the early members of the Order of Friars Minor, or the monastic lives of the Poor Clares.[1] Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.[1]

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Black Death

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was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated75 to 200 million people

The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population