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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Def society
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group of people with the same arrangements of institutions relationships and norms
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Def economy
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mgmnt of resources incl production & consumption
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subsistence
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how people sustain themselves esp in regards to how they obtain their food
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foraging-def
imp aspects |
means of subsistence that emph the collection of wild plants and animals
-mastery of environment -often mobile -often smaller groups of people -balanced diet -low energy budgets ltd accum of goods production generalized |
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horticulture
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means subsistence where some plant foods are cultivated
-simple crop prod -may also raise a few sm animals -some wild foods still eaten extensive technology sedentary slightly larger groups poorer nutrition high energy budgets little more accum of goods prod is generalized |
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pastoralism
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means of subsistence where domesticated animals are primary resource
-supplemented by wild or cultivated plants or trade w/ agriculturalists -similar in scale to horticulturalists but focus on animals -herding animals sophisticated tech realitively mobile larger grps better nutrition high energy budgets ltd storage of goods |
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agriculture
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means of sub. where most plant foods are cultivated
often combined with raising animals can be suplanted by wild resources many levels of tech sedentary poor nutrition intermediate energy budgets more storage & accum of goods prod is specialized |
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industrialism
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based largely on mechanized industries
almost no wild resources most people removed from resource procurement sedentary large complex groups poor nutrition inter. energy budgets lots of storage of goods prod specialized |
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Exchange
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transference of material goods and services btwn people
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politics
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the aspects of culture related to decision-making
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power
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ability to influence or cause people or groups to do certain things that they would not otherwise do
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kinship
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how people are linked and related to other people w/in their culture
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endogamy
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marrying w/in the group
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exogany
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marry outside group
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bands-
imp aspects |
<100 people
highly mobile foragers live in small s/t settlement few material possessions egalitarian |
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tribes
imp aspects |
<5000 people
sedentary practice small-scale ag live in villages more substantial material possessions some diff. in status & power leaders who achieve their positions |
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chiefdoms
imp aspects |
5k-20k people
large villages/sm cities lrg scale ag substantial mat poss status diff. based on kinship leadership is hereditary |
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states
imp aspects |
>20K
lrg settlements lrg ag inc diversity of mat culture elaborate spec. architecture spec. jobs class-based society leadership is hered or formal election |
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Types of sub systems?
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foraging
non-foraging |
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types of political systems
egalitarian imp aspects |
egalitarian
-no formal leaders -dec based on grp concensus -auth w/in culture is dist -positions of auth based on gender and age |
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types of political systems
leadership imp aspects |
Leadrship
-no formal system of auth -leaders lack ability to coerce -no formal laws that maintain leadership -some concensus w/in grp is required -ldrshop is achieved -ldrs are organizers vs. rulers |
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types of political systems
centralized imp aspects |
-heirarchical organized
formal system for maintaining auth privaliged elite class formal inst. to deal w/ disputes taxation or tributes police/military compliance involves coercion |
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social sig. of food
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can be more than nutrition:
raw material wealth identity ritual/symbol |
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Two types of exchange systems
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gift
market |
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two types of exchange goods
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gift
commodity |
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three types of descent grps
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patrilineal
matrilineal bilateral |
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two types of marriage transactions
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dowry-bride's family to grooms family
bridewealth-grooms family to bride's family |
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Approaches To Study of Society
Structural functionalism |
focus on institutions,duties, rules & norms that shape social life
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Approaches To Study of Society
Social Systems |
focus on social relations that are reproduced through social interactions
-society is dynamic -import. of individuals and what they are actually doing vs. norms |
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Approaches To Study of Society
Structuration |
focus on the relationship bet indiv & society
indiv & society shape and reshape each other -dynamic |
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Approaches To Study of Society
Social networks |
foc on the interconnections relations be people
recognizes relations may cross cult & social boundries |
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subsistence-
CUltural evolution & cultural ecology |
emph on impact of natural world
culture is functional focus on change de-emph on indiv interest in general laws |
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Approaches To Study of politics
Systemic Apprch |
foc on understanding how stateless societies are socially & politically integrated
?s how do non-state societies manage to exist w/out central auth what role does politics play in maintaining existence of these socieities how are conflicts resolved? |
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Approaches To Study of politics
Actor-centered appch |
indiv. power strategies
relationship btwn indiv & political structures w/in a culture ?s Are we determined by these structures or do we have some choice How do political structures w/in our culture enable or constrain our actions |
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Approaches To Study of Exchange
Structural |
foc on structure, patterns,rules & regulations of economic transactions
?s what are different types of xchange systems what kinds of things are exchanged what are different modes of exchange what are rules |
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Approaches To Study of Exchange
Relational |
concerned with how exchange reflects and shapes:
-identities of people -relationships between people -relationships btween people and things they have exchanged |
