Exam 2 Anatomy

Front 1

Central Nervous system consists of what?

Back 1

Brain and Spinal Chord

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous system consists of what?

Back 2

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Front 3

Which division of the nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS?

Back 3

Sensory (Afferent) division...also is divided into the somatic and visceral sensory

Front 4

Which division of the nervous system transmits information from the CNS to muscle or a gland?

Back 4

Motor (efferent) division...also divided into somatic and autonomic motor

Front 5

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (aka Lou Gehrig's Disease) is degeneration of what?

Back 5

Fatal degeneration of the somatic motor system...atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties

Front 6

What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?

Back 6

Neurons-excitable, transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells-nonexcitable and support/protect the neurons

Front 7

Describe a primary and secondary tumor of the CNS...?

Back 7

Primary-form in the meninges or glial cells...neurons can't divide or become tumors
Secondary-forms elsewhere (lungs, breasts, skin) cell travels and grows in brain/spinal chord

Front 8

What are 3 characteristics of neurons?

Back 8

High metabolic rate-need glucose/oxygen
Longevity- live for over 100 years
Nonmitotic- lose ability to divide

Front 9

Which part of a neuron carries impulses towards the cell?

Back 9

Dendrites

Front 10

Describe 2 things about the cell body of a neuron???

Back 10

Called soma, neuron control center, contains nucleus, is the gray matter, forms clusters in PNS called ganglion

Front 11

Describe 2 things about an axon???

Back 11

most neurons have only 1, also called nerve fiber, carry impulses AWAY from soma, ends branch into synaptic knobs

Front 12

Which structural classification of neuron is uncommon in humans?

Back 12

Bipolar!!!
Unipolar-sensory neurons
Multipolar-most common, motor neurons

Front 13

What is an interneuron?

Back 13

Neurons that lie between/connect motor and sensory neurons...only in CNS

Front 14

Name and describe the 4 types of glial cells of the CNS?

Back 14

1. Astrocyte-ionic environment, blood brain barrier
2.Ependymal cell-help produce CSF
3.Microglial cell- MACROPHAGE
4.Oligodendrocyte-myelin sheaths in CNS

Front 15

Name and describe the glial cells of the PNS?

Back 15

1. Satellite cell-protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies
2.Neurolemmocyte- SCHWANN cell.. myelinate PNS axons

Front 16

What is an autoimmune disease that has destroyed patches of myelin in the brain/spinal chord and causes blindness, weakness, and clumsiness?

Back 16

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 17

Name the 3 connective tissue wrappings of nerves???

Back 17

Endoneurium- surrounds indiv. axon
Perineurium-surrounds fascicle
Epineurium-surrounds whole nerve

Front 18

A disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube may cause what?

Back 18

Anencephaly...only brain stem forms

Front 19

A disorder caused by a disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube or lack of vitamin b12 and folic acid?

Back 19

Spina Bifida

Front 20

What do these stand for? "Tel Di Mes Met My Mom"

Back 20

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myencephalon....yeah!

Front 21

What are the primary brain vesicles?

Back 21

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

Front 22

What are the functions of the cranial meninges?

Back 22

separate brain from skull, enclose and protect blood vessels supplying brain, contain/circulate CSF

Front 23

What is the purpose of CSF?

Back 23

reduce brain weight (buoyancy), protection, and environmental stability...transports nutrients and removes waste

Front 24

What is hydrocephalus?

Back 24

"water on the brain" excessive CSF...treatable

Front 25

The diencephalon makes up what 3 parts of the brain?

Back 25

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Front 26

Functions of the hypothalamus? hint: BEETS HAM

Back 26

behavior, endocrine, emotion, temp. control, sleep/wake cycle, hunger/thirst, autonomic control, memory

Front 27

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 27

body movement and coordination: equilibrium, posture...etc

Front 28

The brain stem consists of what parts?

Back 28

Medulla oblongata, pons, and mesencephalon (midbrain)

Front 29

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Back 29

Cardiac/respiratory center

Front 30

Describe the spinal nerves?

Back 30

31 pairs, where sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons combine

Front 31

What are the 4 principal nerve plexuses?

Back 31

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

Front 32

Which nerve from the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?

Back 32

The phrenic nerve

Front 33

Carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with which nerve?

Back 33

the median nerve

Front 34

Name the 2 major nerves of the lumbar and sacral plexuses:

Back 34

femoral nerve, sciatic nerve (largest in body)

Front 35

Describe the pathway of the Reflex arc:

Back 35

1. Stimulus activates receptor
2. SA in PNS to CNS
3. Pass through interneurons
4. ME from CNS to PNS
5. Efffector (muscle..etc) responds

Front 36

What is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?

Back 36

Monosynaptic is simple, no interneurons involved, ex. knee jerk
Polysynaptic is more complex, more prolonged delay/response, several synapses

Front 37

Describe a difference between the parasypmathetic andsypathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

Back 37

para-has long preganglionic axon, short postganglionic axon
sypm- opposite...short pregang...long postgang

Front 38

What happens when there is an increase in the parasympathetic portion?

Back 38

Pupils constrict, increase digestion, decrease heart rate

Front 39

What happens when there is an increase in the sympathetic portion?

Back 39

Pupil dilation, reduces blood flow to digestive tract, increases heart rate

Front 40

Where are the tactile receptors located?

Back 40

located in the dermis and hypodermis

Front 41

Name the 4 types of papillae on the tongue: which have taste buds?

Back 41

Filiform, no
Fungiform, few
Vallate, many
Foliate, yes used in infancy

Front 42

Which nerves innervate the tongue?

Back 42

Facial nerve (VII)- anterior 2/3 tongue

Glossopharyngeal (IX)- posterior 1/3

Front 43

Be able to label cells of taste buds and of olfaction!

Back 43

See book

Front 44

What are the functions of rods and cones?

Back 44

rods- dim light, no color

cones- color, bright light, less in eye than rods

Front 45

Describe the pathway of hearing and the structures associated with it:

Back 45

Sound waves brought in by auricle, go down external auditory meatus, vibrate tympanic membrane, move malleus, move incus, move stapes, create waves at oval window...moves through cochlea, exit round window

Front 46

Describe some basics about the endocrine glands:

Back 46

Develops from all 3 embryonic germ layers, ductless and secrete hormones directly into blood stream

Front 47

What are some differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system:

Back 47

Endocrine: slower response but lasts longer, widespread general effects, affect any cell in body, uses hormones

Front 48

What are the 3 types of hormones?

Back 48

1. Peptide-most common, chains of amino acids (Growth H)
2. Steroids- lipids derived from cholesterol (testosterone)
3. Biogenic amines (thyroid hormone)

Front 49

What two hormones are created by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

Back 49

Antidiuretic hormone- water reabsorption, increases blood pressure, too much causes edema, too little causes diabetes insipidus
Oxytocin- smooth muscle contractions in rep. organs, unterine contractions and milk ejection

Front 50

The pituitary gland/master gland secretes which hormones? Hint: FLAT PIG M

Back 50

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH, MSH

Follicle Stim. hormone, Luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stim. hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, melanocyte stim. hormone

Front 51

The pineal gland produces melatonin: what does this hormone do?

Back 51

Regulates circadian rhythm...sleep wake cycles

Front 52

What 2 hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

Back 52

Thyroid hormone- metabolic rate

Calcitonin- tones down blood Ca2+, increases osteoblast activity, decreases osteoclast activity

Front 53

Parathyroid gland produces which hormone that is the opposite of calcitonin?

Back 53

Parathyroid hormone!

Front 54

The differentiation, growth, and maturation of T-lymphocytes is stimulated by which hormones? Which gland is in charge?

Back 54

Thymopoietin and theymosins...

Thymus

Front 55

What is produced by the adrenal cortex? Function?

Back 55

Aldosterone----hyrdation/water reabsor.
Cortisol---glucocorticoid, helps with inflammation and stress

Front 56

What is produced by the adrenal medulla? Function?

Back 56

Epinephrine---involved in sympathet. nervous system, fight or flight response

Front 57

What are the 4 types of cells in the pancreas? Function?

Back 57

1. Alpha cells---glucagon, increase blood glucose levels
2. Beta cells---insulin, decrease blood glucose levels
3. Delta cells---somatostatin, slows release of insulin and glucagon
4. F cells---pancreatic polypeptide, supress somatostatin secretion

Front 58

Name and describe 2 disorders of the adrenal cortex.

Back 58

Cushing's syndrome---hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, redistributes fat, moon face
Addison disease---hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, weight loss, fatigue

Front 59

What is Grave's disease?

Back 59

Excessive TH production...loss of thyroid feedback control...

Front 60

What percentage of blood is made up by the erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Back 60

RBCs---44%
Plasma---55%
Buffy coat (thrombocytes and WBCs)---1%

Front 61

What is blood doping and what are some risks?

Back 61

Athlete donates RBCs to themselves, thought to be favorable in muscle performance
Increases the viscosity (thickness) of blood...DANGER!

Front 62

List three functions of the blood?

Back 62

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

Front 63

List 4 plasma proteins and their functions.

Back 63

1. Albumins---regulate water movement, transport proteins, hormones, and lipids
2. Globulins---binds, supports, and protects water-insoluble hormones/ions
3. Fibrinogen---plays a role in blood clot formation
4. Regulatory proteins---enzymes and hormones

Front 64

Describe the life cycle of an Erythrocyte.

Back 64

Formed in bone marrow, circulate in blood stream for 120 days, are "eaten" in liver and spleen, heme (iron ions x 4) is recycled, some of the proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new Erythrocyte

Front 65

Which type of blood is the universal donor? Universal recipient?

Back 65

1. O-
2. AB+

Front 66

What are some red blood cell disorders?

Back 66

1. Polycythemia---too many RBCs makes blood too thick
2. Anemia---too few RBCs, low oxygen levels
a. iron def. anemia---lack of iron diet or chronic blood loss
b. sickle cell disease---genetic, sickle shaped, exploding RBCs

Front 67

What are some common differences between erythrocytes and leukocytes?

Back 67

Leukocytes are true cells, larger, initiate the immune response, can leave the bloodstream and enter tissues, and can recruit other cells to help with immune response (chemotaxis)

Front 68

Name/describe the 3 granulocytes.

Back 68

1. Neutrophils---phagocytize infectious pathogens with lysozyme
2. Eosinophils---initiate response to allergic reactions
3. Basophils---release histamine and heparin

Front 69

Name/describe the 2 agranulocytes.

Back 69

1. Lymphocytes---in lymphatic tissue, produce immune response...B and T lymphocytes
2. Monocytes---phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, debris...etc

Front 70

Leukemia is cancer of which cells?

Back 70

Leukocyte forming cells

Front 71

Where do thrombocytes come from?

Back 71

Called platelets, are fragments of megakaryocytes...live only 8-10 days, aid in blood clot formation

Front 72

Explain the difference between thrombocytopenia and hemophilia.

Back 72

Thrombocytopenia is abnormally low concentration of platelets in blood from damaged marrow, chemotherapy, over active spleen.
Hemophilia is usually acquired genetically and is the lack of clotting factors

Front 73

Describe a normoblast and reticulocyte.

Back 73

Normoblast is stage of erythrocyte where nucleus is expelled.
Reticulocyte is stage of erythrocyte w/out nucleus before final changes to fully become RBC

Front 74

What are the receiving chambers of the heart called? The pumping chambers?

Back 74

Atria (atrium) receive
Ventricles pump

Front 75

Describe the conducting system of the heart. What is systole? Diastole?

Back 75

SA node--> AV node--> Bundle of His--> Bundle branches--> Purkinje fibers
systole is contraction of heart chamber
diastole is the relaxation phase of heart chamber

Front 76

Make sure to know structures within the heart!

Back 76

Just know it

Front 77

Describe the flow of blood through the entire cardiovascular system beginning with the heart.

Back 77

Heart-->Elastic Artery-->Musuclar Artery-->Arteriole-->Capillary-->Venule-->Medium vein-->Large vein-->Heart

Front 78

Name the 3 tunics found in blood vessels. Which tunic is thickest in veins? In arteries?

Back 78

Tunica intima, Tunic media, Tunic externa
In veins...tunica externa is thickest
In arteries...tunica media is thickest

Front 79

Name the 3 types of capillaries. Where would you find each type?

Back 79

1. Continuous---common, muscle..skin..lungs..CNS
2. Fenestrated---small intest. endocrine, kidneys
3. Sinosoid---bone marrow, spleen, liver

Front 80

What 2 fetal structures divert blood away from the lungs? What diverst blood from the liver?

Back 80

1. The foramen ovale & Ductus arterious
2. Ductus venous

Front 81

Which vessels carry oxygen rich blood?

Back 81

Arteries, and pulmonary veins

Front 82

What do you call blood plasma that leaves capillaries and travels to the spaces around cells? As it moves into the lymphatic system?

Back 82

Interstitial fluid
Lymph

Front 83

Describe the lymph vessels from small to big.

Back 83

Lymphatic capillaries-->Lymphatic vessels-->Lymphatic trunks-->Lymphatic ducts

Front 84

What is the difference between lymph and blood capillaries?

Back 84

Lymph are close ended tubes, form one way flaps, lacteals pick up dietary lipids, NOT in red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissues.

Front 85

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts and what areas of the body do they drain?

Back 85

1. Right lymphatic duct...upper right quadrant
2. Thoracic duct...rest of body

Front 86

Name the 4 lymphatic cell groups.

Back 86

1. Macrophages
2. Nurse Cells---secrete thymic hormones
3. Dendritic cells---nothing to do with neurons...internalize antigens
4. Lymphocytes---most abundant, search for antigens

Front 87

Name/describe the 2 main types of T lymphocytes and 2 subsets.

Back 87

1. Helper...main boss/director
2. Cytotoxic...kill
a. Memory: patrol body after attack
b. Suppressor: turn off immune response

Front 88

How are antibodies created?

Back 88

T lymphocytes present antigen to B lymphocytes, B cells create plasma cells, plasma cells create antibodies

Front 89

What are the 3 lymphatic nodules that are considered tonsils?

Back 89

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils