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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were the six people to establish groundwork for cell theory?
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Hooke-Drew first cell
Leeuwenhoek-Made lenses better Schwann-Living organism are composed of 1 or more nucleated cells Schleiden-Living organism are composed of 1 or more nucleated cells Virchow-Coined the term "biogenesis" Pasteur-Supplied proof for "biogenesis" (How Long Should She Visit People?) |
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3 Parts of Cell Theory
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Cell is the functional unit of living organisms
All living organisms are composed of nucleated cells Cells arise only by division of pre-exsiting cells |
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What limits a cell's size?
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Surface-area-to volume ratio
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How many cells are in the human body?
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75-100 trillion
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What membrane model did Dayson and Danielli develop?
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Unit-membrane model
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What membrane model did Singer and Nicolson develop?
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Fluid-mosaic model
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Name the 4 funtions of the cell membrane.
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1. Encloses cell contents
2. Facilitates contact with other cells. 3. Receptors for chemicals 4. Mediates entrance/exit |
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List the functions of the permeability of the cell membrane.
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Functions of molecule size, solubility in liquids, charge, presence of carrier molecules
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List the 5 passive transports and briefly describe them
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1. Simple Diffusion - no energy needed
2. Facilitated Diffusion - needs energy 3. Osmosis - movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration 4. Filtration - movement of solvents and dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane 5. Dialysis - separation of small particles and large particles |
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Define Brownian Movement
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Random movement of small particles suspended in gas or liquid
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What happens if you put a cell in a hypotonic medium?
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Expands
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What happens if you put a cell in a hypertonic medium?
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Shrinks
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What happens if you put a cell in an isotonic medium?
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Stays the same
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What is vesicular transport?
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When a cell uses vesicles to transport molecules
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List the Endocytosis methods and describe endocytosis.
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Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis Bulk-Phase Endocytosis Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Endocytosis is entering the cell |
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What is Phagocytosis?
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Cell eating
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What is Pinocytosis?
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Cell drinking
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What is Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?
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Hooks onto receptor and goes into the cell
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What is the cytoplasm?
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Surrounds the cell organelles
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What is a solution?
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Mixture of solute dissolved in a solvent
Ex: Sugary water |
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What is a suspension?
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Solid dispersed in liquid, precipitated out
Ex: Stirring sand in water |
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What is a colloid?
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Particles dispersed but never precipitated out
Ex: Egg white, cheese, butter |
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What is the nucleus?
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Control center of the cell
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What is the nucleolous?
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Inside the nucleus
Involved in protein synthesis Contains RNA |
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What is chromatin?
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Made up of DNA and RNA making chromosomes
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What are the functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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1. Intracellular transport
2. Catalytic surface-speeds up reactions 3. Lipid synthesis 4. Detoxification |
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What are ribosomes made of?
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Large rRNA molecules
Small protein particles |
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What are the six funtions of the Golgi bodies?
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1. Secretions
2. Storage 3. Modification-removing certain things 4. Packaging 5. Synthesize 6. Emulsification of lipids |
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What might be the probable evidence of mitochondria and what is the evidence?
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-It was engulfed but never digested.
-Resembles bacteria, has its own DNA, ribosomes and replicates itself |
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What do lysosomes contain?
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Hydrolitic Enzymes (digestive enzymes)
Autophagia/Autolysis (suicide sacs) |
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What do peroxisomes contain?
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Oxidative enzymes-makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alchohol or formaldehyde
Makes catalyse-to break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
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What are microfilaments?
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Thinnest element of cytoskeleton
Made of the protein actin Long, thin, threadlike Involved in structure/movement |
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What are microtubules?
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Largest diameter
Made of protein subunits call tubulins Long, hollow, cylindrical Involved in structure/movement |
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Name the 3 structures that group microtubules and their function.
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Centrioles-cell division
Cilia-moves substances across cell surface Flagella-moves itself |
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What are intermediate filaments?
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Found in animal cells
Most stable cytoskeletal elements |
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What are microvilli?
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Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
Increase the plasma membrane surface area Found on the surface of absorptive cells (intestinal and kidney tubule cells) |
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What are cell inclusions and give an example
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Large group of chemical substances which may have recognizable shapes
Mainly organic (melanin, glycogen, lipids, mucus, hemoglobin, dust, minerals, tattoo dyes) |
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List 3 types of cell junctions
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1. Tight Junctions
2. Desmosomes 3. Gap Junctions |
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What are tight junctions? Give an example.
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Impermeable junctions: prevent molecules from passing through the intracellular space
ex:In the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes in the intestine away from the bloodstream |
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What are desmosomes? Give an example.
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Anchoring juntions in areas of stress
ex: skin and heart |
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What are gap junctions? Give an example.
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Allow passage between adjacent cells: allow molecules to go from one cell to another
ex: heart; to help synchronize |
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List 2 types of amorphous matric materials.
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1. Hyaluronic Acid
2. Chondroitin Sulfate |
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What is Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate?
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Negatively charged polysaccharides that stick out from the core protein
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List 3 types of fibrous matrix materials.
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1. Collagen fibers: strong, in tendons, white (white fibers)
2. Elastic fibers: stretches and goes back together (yellow fibers) 3. Reticular fibers: form mesh structure |
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Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
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Procaryotes:
Dont have a true nucleus Lack internal membrane Eucaryotes: Have a true nucleus |
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What is transcription?
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The transfer of information from DNA's base to the complementary base of mRNA molecule
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What do the RNA polymerases do?
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Oversees the synthesis of mRNA
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What is the sense strand of DNA?
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Serves as a template for RNA synthesis
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What is the antisense strand of DNA?
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Complement of the sense strand
(the other DNA strand) |
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What is mRNA?
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Messenger RNA
Carries information to the site of protein synthesis |
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What types of modifications are made the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?
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mRNA complex proteins become associated with it.
Determine its localization, translation, and stability, and check it for premature termination codons |
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What is translation?
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The language of nucleic acids is translated into the language of proteins
Decoding mRNA |
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What is rRNA? What does it do?
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Part of the ribosomes
Helps decode mRNA into amino acids to interact with tRNA during translation |
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What is tRNA? What does it do?
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Small, roughly L-shaped molecules
Acts with ribosomal RNA to "translate" the message carried by mRNA |
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What is a codon?
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Corresponding three-base sequence on mRNA
Located on DNA |
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What is an anticodon?
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Other end of head
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List the functions of the permeability of the cell membrane.
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1. Molecules size
2. Solubility in lipids 3. Charge 4. Presense of carrier molecules |
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What are false feet called?
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Pseudopodia
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Where does transcription occur?
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Nucleus
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Where does traslation occur?
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Outside nucleus, by ribosomes
In the cytoplasm |
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How do amino acids come together?
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Peptide bonds
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What carries amino acids?
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tRNA; migrates to the ribosomes, where it maneuvers to the proper position
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What are the start and termination of codons?
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3 of 64
UAA UAG UGA |
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What are polyribosomes?
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One strand of mRNA being read by several ribosomes at the same time
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