Exam 2

Front 1

Prokaryotic

Back 1

*Polycistronic- more then one gene is transcribed at a time.

*No modification of mRNA

*30, 50s units 70s of ribosomes

Front 2

Eukaryotic

Back 2

*Monocistronic- only one gene transcribed at a time

*mRNA must be modified introns removed

*40, 60s units 80s of ribosomes

Front 3

RNA

Back 3

* Single stranded

* Ribose sugar

* A,C,G,U

* A-U

* C-G

* Brings message code to ribosome for protien

Front 4

DNA

Back 4

* Double stranded

* Deoxyribose

* A, C, G, T

* A-T

* C-G

* Genetic code

* Self replicating

Front 5

Genome

Back 5

Complete set of genetic information

Front 6

Cells must accomplish two tasks

Back 6

1. DNA replication- copies genetic material (S phase)

2. Gene expression (transcription and translation during G1 and G2)

Front 7

Information flows from DNA>RNA>Protien

Back 7

.

Front 8

Denaturing or melting

Back 8

Separating DNA strands

Front 9

What bonds hold together single strands?

Back 9

Covalent bonds

Front 10

What type of bonds hold together double strands?

Back 10

Hydrogen bonds

Front 11

Protien-encoding gene> transcription > messenger RNA> translation > protien

Back 11

.

Front 12

Cells control the level of what?

Back 12

Protien synthesis

Front 13

Semi conservative

Back 13

Saving 1/2 the original strand

Front 14

Origin of replication

Back 14

Where DNA begins

Front 15

What can occur from a chemical mutigen

Back 15

Alkalating agent

Front 16

What would we call something that is trip minus

Back 16

Oxitrop

Front 17

What kind of medium would we use for trip minus

Back 17

Complex medium-nutrient rich

Front 18

DNA replication

Back 18

Requires a primes

Front 19

Primase

Back 19

Enzyme that makes an RNA primer

5 to 3 prime

Front 20

DNA replication usually is bidirectional

Back 20

Creates two replication forks, ultimately meet at terminating site when process is complete

Front 21

Where does replication begin?

Back 21

Origin of replication

Front 22

Replication process

Back 22

* Protiens recognize and bind to site

* Melt double stranded DNA

* Primer attatches

Front 23

DNA synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction

Back 23

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides, not initiate

Front 24

Transcription

Back 24

RNA synthesizes single stranded RNA

Uses DNA template

Synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction

Can initiate without primer

Binds to promoter

Stops at terminator

Front 25

tRNA- always has anticodon

Back 25

.

Front 26

DNA>transcription>mRNA (transcript)> translation>polypeptide formation>moves to ribosomes

Back 26

.

Front 27

Replisomes

Back 27

"Assembly line"

Front 28

1 codon= 1 amino acid

Back 28

.

Front 29

RNA sequence is complimentary, antiparallel to DNA template strand

Back 29

DNA template is (-) strand

Compliment is (+) strand

RNA has same sequence as (+) DNA except uraci instead of thymine

Front 30

mRNA transcripts may contain one or many genes

Back 30

.

Front 31

mRNA transcripts may contain one or many genes

Back 31

.

Front 32

Promoter

Back 32

Denotes begining of genes

Front 33

RNA polymerase plus a sigma factor determine what?

Back 33

Which genes will be transcribed

Front 34

Promoter does what?

Back 34

Orients direction of transcription

Front 35

Where is the promotor located?

Back 35

Found upstream of genes

Front 36

Process of decoding information in mRNA

Back 36

*mRNA is temporary copy of genetic information

*Major components are mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and accessory protiens

Front 37

Genetic code: 3 nucleotides = codon

Back 37

.

Front 38

Nucleotide sequence defines coding region

Back 38

Designates beginning, end of region to be translated

Front 39

.

Back 39

.

Front 40

.

Back 40

.

Front 41

Semiconservative

Back 41

In the two new molecules generated each one has one new strand and one original strand

Front 42

What is origin of replication?

Back 42

The site at which replication originates

Front 43

Why are primers required in DNA replication but not in transcription?

Back 43

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing fragment; RNA polymerase can start synthesis without a primer.

Front 44

What is polycistronic mRNA?

Back 44

It carries the information for more than one gene.

Front 45

What is the function of a sigma factor?

Back 45

It is the portion of RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter

Front 46

What is the date of a protien that has a signal sequence?

Back 46

The signal sequence directs secretion

Front 47

What is the date of a protien that has a signal sequence?

Back 47

The signal sequence directs secretion

Front 48

All of the following are involved in transcription except

A) polymerase B) primer C) promoter D)sigma factor E)uracil

Back 48

Primer

Front 49

All of the following are directly involved in DNA replication except

A)promoter B)ribosome C)start codon D)stop codon E)tRNA

Back 49

Promoter

Front 50

Back 50

C) translation begins at a site called a promoter

Front 51

Back 51

Front 52

How is an auxotroph different from a prototroph?

Back 52

An auxotroph requires an organic growth factor in order to grow. A prototroph has no such requirement.

Front 53

What type of mutation in an operon most likely to affect the synthesis of more than one protien?

Back 53

Frame shift mutation

Front 54

What is meant by "proofreading" with respect to DNA polymerase?

Back 54

The removal of an incorrect base and the incorporation of the correct base in its place

Front 55

Why is replica plating used to isolate an auxotrophic mutant from a prototrophic parent?

Back 55

Because there is no medium on which the auxotroph will grow and the prototroph will not. Therefore direct selection is not possible

Front 56

What is transduction?

Back 56

The transfer of bacterial DNA enclosed in a bacteriophage head from one bacterium to another

Front 57

How is an F+ strain different from an Hfr strain?

Back 57

The F+ cell has transferable plasmid whereas the Hfr cell has the plasmid intergrated into the chromosome of the cell

Front 58

Name three mobile genetic elements

Back 58

Plasmids, bacteriophage, transporons

Front 59

Why are R plasmids important?

Back 59

Because they carry genes conferring resistance to various antibiotics and can be readily transferred to other bacteria

Front 60

Back 60

Forms covalent bonds between Thymine molecules on the same strand of DNA.

Front 61

Back 61

D) 4,5

Front 62

The addition of DNase to a mixture of donor and recipient cells will prevent gene transfer via

A)DNA transformation

B) chromosome transfer by conjugation

C) plasmid transfer by conjugation

D) generalized transduction

Back 62

A) DNA transformation

Front 63

Back 63

B) 2,3

Front 64

Why are restriction enzymes useful in biotechnology?

Back 64

They cut DNA in a predictable and controllable manner. In addition, some generate "sticky ends" making it easy to join other fragments of DNA to them.

Front 65

Describe 3 general uses of genetically engineered bacteria

Back 65

1) Produce medically important protiens

2) DNA library production

3) vaccine production

Front 66

Describe the function of a reporter gene

Back 66

It is used to detect expression of a given gene.

Front 67

What is a DNA library?

Back 67

A collection of clones that together contain the entire genome of an organism

Front 68

What is cDNA? Why is it used when cloning eukaryotic genes?

Back 68

DNA synthesized from an mRNA template (copy DNA.) It does not contain introns.

Front 69

Describe the function of a probe

Back 69

It binds to specific sequences of DNA, allowing those sequences to be detected.

Front 70

What is the function of a vector?

Back 70

Carries cloned DNA, allowing it to replicate in cells

Front 71

Back 71

A) PCR

Front 72

Back 72

B) a gene encoding a restriction enzyme

Front 73

Back 73

B) means of distinguishing cells that have taken up recombinant molecules

Front 74

Which is used for cloning eukaryotic genes but not prokaryotic genes?

A) Restriction enzymes B) DNA ligase C) reverse transcriptase D) vector

E) Selectable marker

Back 74

C) reverse transcriptase

Front 75

The polymerase chain reaction uses Taq polymerase rather than a DNA polymerase from E. Coli because Taq polymerase is?

Back 75

Heat stable

Front 76

If an organism lost the ability to make primase, what would it be unable to do?

Back 76

Add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand.

Front 77

If an organism lost the ability to make primase, what would it be unable to do?

Back 77

Add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand.

Front 78

If an organism lost the ability to make primase, what would it be unable to do?

Back 78

Add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand.

Front 79

DNA requires a template for what?

Back 79

Synthesis of DNA

Front 80

What enzyme, in the early process of DNA replication, separates the two strands?

Back 80

Helicase

Front 81

Okazaki fragments

Back 81

On one of the strands of bacterial DNA the new complimentary strand is synthesized discontinuously into small pieces of DNA

Front 82

RNA is a chain of?

Back 82

Nucleotides

Front 83

What component of RNA is different from one individual or bacterium to the next?

Back 83

Order of nitrogenous bases

Front 84

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the

Back 84

Promoter in DNA

Front 85

A segment of DNA encoding a protien or an RNA molecule is a?

Back 85

Gene

Front 86

Bonds connecting amino acids?

Back 86

Peptide

Front 87

Protien synthesis occurs in the?

Back 87

Ribosomes

Front 88

Replication, transcription, and translation take place where?.

Back 88

In the bacterial cytoplasm

Front 89

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Back 89

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