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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the correlates of foraging? |
Foragers are nomadic, fission fusion, fictive kinship, diet is better than middle income family, egalitarian. Original affluence lifestyle. |
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Economy |
a set of institutionalized activities which combine natural resources, human labor and technology to acquire, produce and distribute material goods specialist services in a structured and repetitive fashion |
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What came first pastoralism or farming? |
Pastoralism and farming originated at the same time. |
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Was farming a better way of life than foraging? |
Farmers is not a better lifestyle than foraging. Population pressure, longer work hours, more diseases, economic inequalities, intensification of warfare from farmer. |
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Why did human population increase after people settled down as farmers? |
Once people gave up hunting gathering, there was more incentive to have children. |
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Horticulture (slash and burn farming) |
a form of food production that is not based on the intensive labor, is the farming of domesticated plants and is practiced mainly in tropical regions…. Fallow - is the time necessary for the forest to regenerate |
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Fallow |
Time necessary for a forest to regenerate |
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Intensive agriculture |
inputs of large labor, animals, and irrigation |
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Why is it impossible to maintain a large human population by horticulture? |
Horticulture has fallow which is why is why it cannot support a large population |
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Pastrolism is found where? |
Found in the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) |
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Nomadic Pastrolism |
everyone on property moves, migration that follows established routes over vast distances, Nuer (African Herders) and Basseri (Iranian Persian Herders) |
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Transhumance Pastrolism |
Agropastoralism, part of the group stays at home and raises crops, other half tends to cattle, seasonal migration, Sherpa (Nepal, Zomo cattle) |
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Animals the Old World Relied on |
domestic livestock, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and yaks. |
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3 Benefits of Herding |
Using areas not normally used such as grasslands, insurance mechanism which is food on the hoof, mobility from pursuing government, or hazards. |
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3 Limitations of Herding |
right kind of environment, the right kind of pests can kill cattle, the ten percent rule (each level of the food chain, the next level only has 10% of the energy taken from it) |
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10% Rule |
each level of the food chain, the next level only has 10% of the energy taken from it |
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Reciprocity |
to need and give back according to no set of rules of time or quantity - Is the dominant form of exchange in a band or prestate village society |
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Silent Trade |
trading with others not face to face Ex. stump whiskey |
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Trade Partnership |
- abide by the rules of reciprocity - The Kula, described by Bronislaw Malinowski in the book, The Argonauts of the Western Pacific. - The Trobriand Islands |
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Kula |
trade partnership that means go, from the Trobriand Islands, allows to trade with strangers, they trade the shells which promotes peaceful relations between hostile neighbors, a way to gain prestige, facilitate trade of practical goods, and circulation of locally unobtainable trade goods. |
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Redistribution |
pattern that goods flow to a central place and are given out in a feast to people alike ex. Onka and Pigs |
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Redistribution |
in this economic exchange, prestige is earned by who gives the most amount of goods away. |
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potlaches |
- or redistributive feasts - North Americas by Northwest coast of United States and Canada |
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3 Ecological Features of the potlatch |
acquisition of prestige, equal distribution of food, adjustment of population to a territory. |
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How does redistribution generate prestige? |
Giving things away increases prestige |
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Price Market |
you can buy and sell anything as long as it has a price, our system where all medium is given a value. |
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Political economy |
- term for production and exchange - characterised by an analytical approach which treats the economy from the point of view of production rather than from that of distribution, exchange, consumption or the market |
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Barter Market |
system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. |
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Limitations of Barter Market |
- There needs to be a 'double coincidence of wants' - There is no common measure of value - Indivisibility of certain goods - Lack of standards for deferred payments - Difficulty in storing wealth |
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What kind of environments do foragers occupy? |
Marginalized Environments |
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What kind of population densities hunter-gathers have? |
have a low, ⅓ carrying capacity or population density |
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General Reciprocity |
When nobody calculates - no need for immediate return - no systematic calculation of the value of the services and products exchanged - calculations are not calculated equally |
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Who provides bulk of labor in bands? |
Women |
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What kind of prestige does a band leader have? |
No Prestige |
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Food Production Began |
began 10,000 to 12,000 years ago |
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Angor Watt |
Place where Yanomami lived |
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Earth diving |
- Happened at Penticost Island - It was a fertility ritual |
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Egalitarian |
is a trend of thought that favors equality for all people. |
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fission–fusion society |
is one in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment; animals merge (fusion)—e.g. sleeping in one place—or split (fission)—e.g. foraging in small groups during the day. For species that live in fission–fusion societies, group composition is a dynamic property. |
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fictive kinship |
a socially recognized link between individuals, created as an expedient for dealing with special circumstances, such as the bond between a godmother and her godchild. Fictive kinship bonds are based on friendship and other personal relationships rather than marriage and descent. |
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"The Gift of the Magi" |
O'Henry Wrote this |
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Who created the first form of banking? |
Dutch |
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Gabbra of Kenya |
Tribal Culture that create economies of dependency on others, measuring wealth through people not wealth. |
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Weyewa of Indonesia |
Tribal Culture that create economies of dependency on others, measuring wealth through people not wealth. |
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Weyewa of Indonesia |
Lendi Batu moved the rock with the help of strangers for the burial of his father |
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Gabbra of Kenya |
The man gave away a camel to a stranger because his family owed his ancestors a debt in order to keep the man alive since he lost most of his cattle. |
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Gabbra of Kenya |
Cattle was for giving not for selling |
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Gabbra of Kenya |
the man who stated "a poor man shames us all" was the this group. |
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"The Gift of the Magi" |
The story of the couple that lose there possessions to give their loved one a gift which happens to be for what they sold in order to pay for their gifts. |
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Carrying Capacity |
upper limit on production and population in a given environment under a given technology without degrading the resource base |
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The point of diminishing returns |
is the point which the amount of food produced per unit begins to fall |
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Liebig's law of the minimum |
a population will be limited by critical resources that are in the shortest supply |
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Pastrolists |
are people who raise domesticated animals and who do not depend on hunting, gathering, or planting their own crops for a significant portion of their diets. |
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Exchange |
is the practice of giving and receiving valued objects and services |
