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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
There are 280mill. Hb molecules in one RBC. A single Hb molecule carries______ molecules of O2, which means that a single RBC carries about_______ O2 molecules. |
4 1Billion |
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All of the following except_______ leads to a decrease in HCT. |
Dehydration |
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Why is it important that when iron binds to oxygen that this is a temporary and reversible interaction? |
Because the oxygen needs to disassociate into tissues. |
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What accounts for males HCT (46) being higher than females HCT (42)? |
Androgens stimulate RBC production |
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Under normal conditions, what is the fate of the globular proteins of a recycled hemoglobin molecules? |
They are disassembled into their component amino acids |
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All of the following except _______ are characteristics of all types of WBCs. |
They are phagocytic |
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What is the nature of and purpose of surface antigens on RBCs? |
-Integral membrane glycoprotein or glycolipids -Substance your immune system recognizes as "normal" |
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Which type of WBC is found in greatest numbers in an infected cut? |
Neutrophils |
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Monocytes transform into_______ in tissues, where they _______. |
-Macrophages -Are phagocytic and release chemicals that attract neutrophils |
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Sam has an infestation of large parasitic worms. Which of the following will happen? |
Eosinophils will release cytotoxic enzymes from their granules |
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If Derek has surface antigen B and D on his RBCs, what blood type does he have? What type of antibodies are in his plasma? |
-B+ -Anti-A antibodies |
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Andrew has blood type O negative. What type of blood can he receive from a donor? Why |
-O negative -He has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in his plasma |
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Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? |
Type B blood would agglutinate in the recipients blood vessels and plug small vessels to vital organs |
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Why is it unlikely that the antibodies in a type O donor plasma would cause a transfusion reaction in a type A recipient? |
The plasma portion of donated blood is tiny when compared to the volume of plasma in the recipients body |
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Why is cross matching performed, though both donor and recipient are known to be the same blood type? |
It reveals the presence of potential cross reactions with surface antigens other than A,B,&Rh |
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Which of the phases of homeostasis occurs first? |
Vascular |
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Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease where the tissue becomes fibrotic. How could this disease impact the blood? |
It can influence: -cause a decrease in the ability for blood to clot due to decrease production of fibrinogen -decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood -decrease the production of immunoglobulins and decrease the ability to fight infection -decrease the transport of hormone binding proteins and steroids binding proteins |
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Which of the following is.not true about platelets? |
They are derived from lymphoids stem cells |
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Following surgery for stomach cancer, joe has been diagnosed with pernicious anemia. Which of the following is likely the cause of thus problem? |
He may not be absorbing vitamin B12 from his diet since tge operation because of less intrinsic factor |
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Which condition below would stimulate the release of EOP? |
-Hypoxia produced high altitude -kidney disease -low.blood pressure due to internal bleeding |
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In which organ are most plasma proteins synthesized? |
Liver |
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All of the following except _______is a major function of blood |
Provides storage for calcium ions |
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Why is venipunture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample? |
-blood pressure is relatively low in viens -superficial veins are easy to locate -venous walls are thinner that areterial walls |
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What is the primary difference btwn plasma and interstitial fluid? |
Plasma contains significantly more protien |
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What characteristics of blood contribute to its high viscosity? |
Interactions among protiens, formed elements, and water molecules in plasma |
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What contributions from the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways help form the enzyme complex necessary to begin the Common Pathway? |
-Factor VII from the Extrinsic Pathway -Factors VII and IX from the Intrisic |
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The region btwn the two pleural cavities that contains the heart and great vessels is called the _______? |
Mediastinum |
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Which layer of pericardium touches the heart? |
Visceral pericardium |
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Which of the following is true of cardiac muscle tissue? |
Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs |
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Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? |
B/c it contracts with force sufficient to push blood through the systemic circuit |
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Where is the ANS headquarters for cardiovascular control? |
Medulla oblongata |
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What is the importance of the 100msec delay at the AV node? |
Atria must contract to fill the ventricles with blood |
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Why is resting HR somewhat slower than the 80-100 bpm set by the SA node? |
- there are less sympathetic nerves that innervate cardiac muscle tissue -parasympathetic innervation slows the HR down |
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how is cardiac output (CO) calculated? |
- CO ml/min= (EDV-ESV)*HR -CO ml/min= HR bpm * SV ml/ beat |
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During ventricular systole of the cardiac cycle, all of the following would occur except _______. |
Pressure in ventricles would force the semilunar valves closed |
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When during the cardiac cycle do ventricles contain their maximal amount of blood? What is this quantity called? |
- at the end of atrial systole/ EDV -at the end of ventricular diastole/ EDV |
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On an ECG reading,what does the P wave indicate? |
Atrial Depolarization |
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What event is taking place during the Q-T interval |
A single cycle of ventricular depolarization and repolarization |
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What factor could cause an insecure in the size of the QRS complex of an electrocardiogram recording? |
Increase in heart size |
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What condition contributes to a reduction in the size of a T wave? |
Coronary ischemia |
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Why is there no wave corresponding to atrial repolarization on an ECG reading |
It is masked by the QRS complex |
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Which of the following affects the rate of venous return? |
-Cardiac output -stroke volume -heart rate |
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How is eversion of the AV valves and backflow of the blood into the atria prevented? |
Tightening of chordae tendinae abd contraction of papillary muscle |
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Doris was born with a malformed pulmonary valve. How will that affect her circulation? |
Blood will flow back into her right ventricle |
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Grandpa has developed a radiating pain in his chest upon taking leaves. which medication might be given to offer prompt relief? |
Nitroglycerin which is a vasodilator of coronary vessels |
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How does damage to the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla affect heart rate? Why? |
Heart rate increases/ sympathetic dominance |
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Which blood vessels being blood back into the right atrium? |
Superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus |
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What is the effect of NE binding to adrenergic receptor? |
-Increases vasoconstriction -increases heart rate |
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Benjamin had an EDV of 120ml, ESV of 45ml, which gives him an SV of 75ml. What is his ejection fraction? |
60% |
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Frank has just run a marathon and his heart is beating extremely rapidly. What happens to the length of diastolic and filling time? |
Both decrease |
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Why is ESV lower when you are actively exercising? |
EDV increases and ventricular muscle produces more forceful contractions ejecting more blood |
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What is the most important factor in considering cardiac function over time? |
Cardiac output |
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Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries? |
Blood flows through them slowly and exchange occurs quickly |
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Georgia stands all day at her job,from what condition may she begin to suffer? |
Varicose veins |
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Why does blood pressure increase during exercise? |
-Heart rate increases -vascular resistance increases -stoke volume increases |
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While standing in the hot sun,Sally begins to feel light headed and faints. Explain |
-Blood has pooled in her lower limbs -cardiac output has decreased, sending less blood to the brain -sweating has reduced blood volume |
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Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb. |
Brachiocephalic a. --> r. Subclavian a. --> r. Axillary a. --> r. Brachial a. --> r. Radial a. --> palmar arches |
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Why is blood pressure higher in the aorta than in the inferior vena cava? |
The diameter of the aorta is smaller and velocity or blood flow is also greater |
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Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary? |
CHP is higher at the arterial end |
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Hiw is mean arterial pressure (MAP) determined? |
It is diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/ 3) |
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What event is happening if net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative? |
Reabsorbtion is occuring in a capillary |
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Which statement below is.not true with regards to Atherosclerosis? |
The pressure of.foam cells on the blood vessel wall prevent the plaque from sticking |
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Although it is true that veins ______, it.is not always true that they carry ______ blood. |
Carry blood away from the heart, O2 rich |
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Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries? |
-Venous blood pressur is lower -Valves prevent backflow of blood |
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The hepatic portal system delivers ________. |
Nutrients to the liver. |
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In fetal circulation, what is the role of the ductus venous? |
Collects blood from the veins of the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava |
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Where are fenestrated capillaries important? Why? |
-In filtration areas of the kidneys/ they allow rapid exchanges of water and solutes btwn plasma and interstitial fluid -At the median eminence of the hypothalamus/ they allow diffusion of regulatory hormones |
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A thrombus in the femoral vein prevents blood flow from the ______ and to the _______. |
External iliac vein/ popliteal vein |
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Grace is in an automobile accident, and her celiac trunk is reuptured. Which organs are directly affected by this injury? |
Stomach, spleen, liver, pancrease |
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Mr. Petit has been prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What effect will this have on his body? |
Will inhibit the conversion of angiostensin 1 to angiotensin 2 |
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A patient in the ER has lost 1.5 liters of blood. Which of the following help restore venous return and.improve cardiac output? |
-Secretion of E,NE, and constriction of arterioles -secretion of ADH and aldoesterone -mobilization of venous reserves and recall of interstitial fluid |
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Gordon has suffered a stroke in his basilar artery. Which regions of his brain suffer damage? |
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
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Which of the following is a unique characteristic of arteries, when compared to veins? |
Arteries contain an internal elastic membrane in their tunica interna |
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The heart and arteries of te systemic and pulmonary circuits contain ____ % of blood volume and the venous system contains_____%. Why? |
35:65/ low capacitation of veins |
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Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to all of the following destinations ,except_______. |
Quad. Muscles |
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Which of the following is an example of a local vasoconstrictors? |
Prostaglandins |
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If blood pressure rises above normalvand baroreceptors in the carotid sinus are unresponsive, which of the following conditions will occure? |
Vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers remain stimulated/ decreased blood flow to the brain |
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ADH, angiotensin 2, EPO, and ANP are all involved in long-term regulation of blood volume. Which two are also important in regulating blood pressure? |
ADH & angiotensin 2 |