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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the embryonic names for the 5 divisions of the CNS?
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Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metecephalon, and Myelencephalon.
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Other than telencephalon, diencephalon, metecephalon, and myelencephalon; what is the last division of the CNS?
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Mesencephalon
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Was means "far"?
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Tel
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What division of the CNS becomes the future cerebrum?
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Telencephalon
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What division of the CNS becomes the future thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus?
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Diencephalon
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What means "two or second"?
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Di
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What means "middle"?
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Mes
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What division of the CNS becomes the future midbrain?
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Mesencephalon
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What division of the CNS means "after"?
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Metencephalon
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What division of the CNS becomes the future pons and cerebellum?
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Metencephalon
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What means "spinal cord"?
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Myel
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What division of the CNS becomes the future medulla oblongata?
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Myelencephalon
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What division of the CNS is part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord?
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Myelencephalon
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What is another name for the communication system?
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Neuroendocrine System
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What are the 2 parts of the communication system?
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Nervous and Endocrine
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What part of the communication system communicates through neurotransmitters?
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Nervous
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What are the 2 neurotransmitters that the nervous system communicates though?
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Epi/Norepi
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What part of the communication system communicates through hormones?
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Endocrine
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What are the hormones that the endocrine system communicates through?
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Estrogen/Testosterone/Prolactin
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What division of the nervous system integrates and controls body functions?
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CNS
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How many pairs of cranial nerves and how many pairs of spinal nerves is the Peripheral Nervous System composed of?
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12 pair or CN and 31 pair of SN
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What are the 2 functional divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Afferent & Efferent Pathways
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What function division of the PNS goes "towards" the CNS?
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Afferent Pathways
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What function division of the PNS "exits" the CNS?
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Efferent Pathways
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What type of cells are the cells in the nervous system that transmit impulses by releasing neurotransmitters?
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Neurons
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What type of cells are where the cells wrap their cell membranes around axons in the PNS?
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Schwann
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What are the layers of cell membranes called in Schwann cells?
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Myelination
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What type of cell is a group of cells that support, feed, and protect neurons?
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Neuroglia
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What type of cell is like a "care taker"?
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Neuroglia
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What ratio of neuroglia to neurons are where most neuroglia cells are ostrocytes?
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10:1
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What type of neuron is the specific name for the part of a neuron that surrounds the cell nucleus?
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Perikaryon
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What part of the perikaryon is the organelle inside the cell that contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell?
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Nucleus
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What part of the parikaryon contains rough ER?
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Nissl Bodies
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What part of the perikaryon supports the cell like the skeletal system supports the body?
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Neurofibrils
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What part of the perikaryon are tiny tubes that transport "stuff" from one part of the neuron to another?
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Microtubules
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What part of the perikaryon are tiny structural fibers in the cell?
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Neurofibrils
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What is part of the neuron that controls the passage of impulses to the axon?
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Axon Hillock
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What is located near the base of the axon where the axon is wide and "decides" whether or not enough stimuli has arrived to the perikaryon to send a depolarization wave along the axon?
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Axon Hillock
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Where are perikaryons located?
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Brain and Spinal Cord wherever the tissue is gray.
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What term is used to name the organelle in the cell that contains chromosomes and also the name for a mass of perikaryons inside the CNS?
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Nuclei
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Perikaryons are present along nerves in the PNS known as?
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Ganglia
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How many of the 4 types of ganglia are associated with the ANS?
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3 out of 4
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What is the receptor part of a neuron?
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Dendrite
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How many dendrites are on a single neuron?
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Many
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What part of the neuron carries an impulse to another neuron or to a receptor again?
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Axons
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What branches does the axon branch into several of?
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Collateral Branches
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What end of an axon splits off into many branches?
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Terminal End
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What are the terminal branches called?
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Telodendria
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What is the speed of depolarization of Schwann cells?
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Myelination
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What has multiple layers of myelin that is formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligondendrocytes in the CNS?
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Myelination
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What are gaps betwen Schwann cells?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What is the membrane and cytoplasm part of the Scwann cell that is exposed to the outside of the meylin sheath?
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Neurilemma
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Cells in the CNS that form myelin are called?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What is an autoimmune disease that causes demyelination in neurons?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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What are the 3 classification of structure on neurons?
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Bipolar, Unipolar, and Multipolar
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What structure of a neuron has one axon and one dendrite?
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Bipolar
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What structure of a neuron has a single axon that arises from the perikaryon at the same place?
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Unipolar
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What structure of a neuron has many dendrites and one axon that arises from the perikaryon?
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Multipolar
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What are the 3 types of functions are neurons classified by?
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Motor, Sensory, and Interneuron or assocaition neurons
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What type of neurons carry impulses away from the CNS and are motor?
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Efferent
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What type of neurons carry impulses toward the CNS that are sensory?
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Afferent
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What function lies between sensory and motor neurons in the pathway of the nerve impulses?
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Inerneuron or association neurons
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What are bundles of axons that are located in the body outside the CNS?
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Nerves
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What are the 3 types of connective tissue sheaths?
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Endoneurium, Perineurium, and epineurium
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What type of c.t sheath surrounds axons?
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Endoneurium
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What type of c.t sheath surrounds bundles of axons?
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Perineurium
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What type of c.t sheath surrounds bundles of fassicles?
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Epineurium
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Are neuroglia ectodermal?
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Yes
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What is mesodermal?
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Microglia
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Neuroglial cells are able to divide during what cell division phase?
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Mitosis
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What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells?
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Astrocytes, oligondendrocytes, Ependymal, and microglia
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What type of neuroglial cells are star shaped?
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Astrocytes
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What type of neuroglial cells hold neurons with some of their appandages and blood vessels with other appendages?
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Astrocytes
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What type of astrocyte protects neurons from any rapid change of environment?
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Blood-Brain-barrier (BBB)
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What does BBB stand for?
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Blood-Brain-Barrier
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What protects neurons from damaging substances that are present in blood?
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Astrocytes
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What form myelin sheaths in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What has few appendages which warp around axons in the CNS to form myelinations?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What has cells that form the lining of the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord?
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Ependymal
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How many chambers are in the brain?
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4
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What are the chambers in the brain called?
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Ventricles
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What are the ventricles filled with?
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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What is the cauliflower like mass of capillaries that are located in the roof of each of the four ventricles?
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Choroid Plexus
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What are the phagocytic cells that crawl between the cells of the nervous system and engulf microorganisms and dead cells?
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Microglia
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What is important becauseof the immune system is denied access to the CNS?
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Microglia
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What is "oma" Greek for?
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Tumor
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What type of tumor is where astrocyte is the origin cell?
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Astrocytoma
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What type of tumor is where oligodendrocyte is the origin cell?
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Oligodendroglioma
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What type of tumor is where the ependymomal cell is the origin?
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Ependymoma
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What tumor is in the cerebral ventricle?
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Ependymoma
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What type of tumor has microglial cells as the origin cell?
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Microglioma
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What type of cell originates from Scwann cells?
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Neurilemmoma
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In what layer of the epidermis does most of the mitotic division occur?
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Stratum Basale
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What is the common name for hemangioma?
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Birthmark
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Name the gland that is in the eyelash follicle which produces a secretion that moistens eyelashes?
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Cilary Gland
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What class of lever is the biceps muscle flexing the elbow an example?
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3
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Name the cartilage plate where bone elongation occurs in long bones?
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Epiphyseal Plate
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Name a bone that develops as an intramembranous bone?
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Clavicle
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What is the function of Vitamin D3?
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Calcium Absorption
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What is the common name for kyphosis?
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"Hump" back
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What type of cartilage is present on the articular surfaces of synovial joints?
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Hyaline
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Other than the tibia and the femur, what bone is part of the knee joint?
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Patella
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What is the Gree word that means "flesh" and refers to muscle tissue?
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Sarco
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What is the general name for a cluster of perikarya (neuron cell bodies contraining the neuron's nucleus) that is outside the CNS?
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Ganglia
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system causes heart rate to increase?
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Sympathetic
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Of the three types of muscle tissue, which one fatigues at the fastest rate?
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Skeletal
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What specific stuructre does perimysium surround?
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Muscle follicles
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What band in a sarcomere has a Z line running right down through its middle?
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I-Band
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What is the molecular name for the contractile protein in myofilaments that has two little "heads" at one end?
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Myosin
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What is the whole name for neurotransmitter that is released from motor neurons and stimulates msucle contraction?
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Acetycholine
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Name a muscle that is named by its shape?
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Deltoid
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On what day of embryonic life does the embryo begin to implant into the endometrium?
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Day 6
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Name something that is part of the skeletal systsem other than bones?
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Cartilage & ligaments
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Which one of the three parts of a lever is located between the other two parts in a class 2 lever?
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Resistance
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What is the anatomical name for the long "shaft" part of a long bone?
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Diaphysis
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Name the genetic condition that causes "Wiender dogs" and bassels to have short legs?
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Achondroplasia
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Give the name for the collagen fibers that connect the periosteum with the underlying bone tissue.
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Sharpy's Fiber
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What is the other name for perforating canals, which interconnect two haversian canals in compact bone?
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Volkmann
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What type of bone tissue has trabeculae?
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Cancellous/Spongy
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During endochondral bone developlemtn, what happens to chondrocytes after they form their lacuna?
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They die
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Of the 2 types of bone formation, which one produces bones from mesenchyme?
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Membrane/Inramembranous
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What is the name for the cartilage plate in long bones where growth in length occurs?
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Epiphyseal Plate
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What gland produces calcitonin?
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Thyroid
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What is the common name for 1,25 dihydroxycholecalipherol?
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Vitamin D
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What does the prefix "dys" mean in works like dysplasia or disrrhythmia?
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Ill
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What specidic structure passes through foramen rotundum?
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Maxillary of CN 5
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Give the name for cranial nerve number ten.
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Vagus
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What bones in the female pelvis form an angle that is usually greater than 90 degrees?
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Pubis
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What bone interconnects the pectoral appendage with the axial skeleton?
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Clavicle
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What structure passes through a transverse foramen?
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Vertebral Arteries & Veins
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What is the specific name for a joint where total fusion joins two bones like between the ilium and ischium?
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Synostosis
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What is the specific name for te typ eof joint for which the connection with ribs and the sternum is an example?
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Synchondrosis
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Other than the TM, sterno-clavicular or radius-ulna, name a specific place in the body where a meniscus is located?
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Knee
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Give the name for the membrane tubes through which tendons slide beneath the retinacula?
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Tendon Sheath
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What is the name for the movement that is opposite to dorsiflexion of the foot?
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Plantar flexion
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Name the movement that rolls the hand from the palm down position to the palm up position?
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Supination
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What special movement is opposite to elevation?
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Depression
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Other than the femur or the tibia, whta bone is part of the knee joint?
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Patella
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Name the specific ligament that passes straight from the femur to the fibula?
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Lateral/Fibular Collateral
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What ligament in the knee is most likely damaged when the tibia is displaced slightly anterior to it's normal place beneath the femur?
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ACL
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