Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
failure of an individual to act in an emergency situation |
Bystander Apathy |
|
|
|
how clearly can a person define what’s going on |
Ambiguity of situation |
|
|
|
injury to self |
personal safety |
|
|
|
larger the group, less likely anyone will respond |
size of group at the scene |
diffusion of responsibility |
|
|
crime committed against person/property based on victim's’: race, ethnicity, religion, disability, country of origin, and/or sexual orientation |
Hate Crime |
|
|
|
attempt to regulate numbers of the populations |
Social Control |
|
|
|
violation of recognized cultural norms |
Deviance |
|
|
|
violation of society’s formally enacted laws |
crime |
|
|
|
physical appearance was predictive of crime deviance |
Lombroso |
protruding jaws/ears, low forehead, extremely long arms, excessive hair, prominent cheekbones |
|
|
body types or structure |
Sheldon's |
ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph (criminal) |
|
|
whether a person conforms or is deviant depends on amount of contact with others who accept or reject norms/laws |
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory |
|
|
|
The more one has to lose, the less likely he/she will be deviant |
Hirschi's Control Theory |
|
|
|
reducing seriousness of a crime that injured victim of lower social status |
victim discounting |
|
|
|
powerful negative label applied to a person that becomes their social identity |
stigma |
pedophile, slut, thug |
|
|
reevaluate past; re-interpret past behavior |
retrospective labeling |
|
|
|
predict future behavior based on current label |
prospective labeling |
|
|
|
we make exceptions based on behavior that occurs infrequently/once |
Primary Deviance |
does not change perception
|
|
|
repeated/severe deviance that affects negatively |
Secondary Deviance |
becomes social identity |
|
|
transform legal/moral deviance into medical condition |
Medicalization of Deviance |
behavior/conduct; emotional/personality issues; autism, alcoholism, substance abuse |
|
|
it is not the act itself that is deviant, it is how people react to the act that makes it deviant |
Relativity of Deviance |
deviance can change across time and place |
|
|
punish and remove offenders |
retribution |
|
|
|
stop crime before it happens |
Deterrence |
|
|
|
trying to reform offenders to be a productive members of society |
Rehabilitation |
|
|
|
state ends the life of the offender for particularly egregious crimes |
Capital Punishment |
|
|
|
biological; hormonal |
sex |
|
|
|
social roles and identity deemed appropriate by society that coincides with sex |
gender |
|
|
|
belief that one gender/sex is innately superior to the other |
sexism |
|
|
|
women who work full time still have majority of home/family responsibility |
second shift |
|
|
|
social organization where males dominate |
patriarchy |
|
|
|
social organization where females dominate |
matriarchy |
|
|
|
born male/female but identify as the opposite sex |
gender dysphoria |
|
|
|
societies value male children |
female infanticide |
|
|
|
cut or burn off the clitoris |
female genital mutilation |
|
|
|
advocacy for equality between genders |
feminism |
|
|
|
process of ranking people/objects/places in a hierarchy based on select characteristics |
Stratification |
social class, demographics, geography |
|
|
rank order of countries, usually based on wealth |
Global Stratification |
|
|
|
lacking resources compared to others in society |
relative poverty |
|
|
|
lack essentials for survival: food, clean water, clothing, shelter |
absolute poverty |
|
|
|
rich country further enriches self via social/economic/political control over another |
colonialism |
|
|
|
multinational corporations operate/manufacture overseas |
neo colonizations |
|
|
|
it is inherited/passed via generations; it is a trait of society, not individuals; universal but variable; involves ideology/beliefs |
Social Stratification in US |
|
|
|
very rigid, no mobility, keeping “like” people together, same job, homogenous marriage |
Caste System |
|
|
|
mobility, heterogeneous marriage, fluidity |
Class System |
|
|
|
money from work |
income |
|
|
|
salary and all other assets |
wealth |
|
|
|
change in social position in your lifetime |
intragenerational mobility |
|
|
|
change in social position compared to your parents |
intergenerational mobility |
|
|
|
women are increasingly representing proportion of the poor |
feminization of poverty |
|
|
|
women choose family and personal responsibilities over work commitment |
opt-out hypothesis |
|
|
|
social stratification based on merit |
meritocracy |
skills, talent, etc |
|
|
more functionally important the job is, the greater the pay should be |
Davis-Moore thesis |
|
|
|
socially constructed group of people who share biologically transmitted traits that society deems important |
race |
|
|
|
cultural and lifestyle preferences |
ethnicity |
|
|
|
attitude/belief about an entire category of people |
prejudice |
|
|
|
over exaggeration/label that applies to all members of a particular group, without consideration for individual differences |
stereotype |
|
|
|
make allowances/excuses for a member of stereotyped group |
race/ethnic exceptionism |
|
|
|
negative, destructive form of stereotypes |
racism |
|
|
|
action/behavior that targets a particular group and seeks to exclude/deny opportunities |
discrimination |
|
|
|
victim chosen b/c race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, religion, country of origin, or disability |
Hate-Crime Laws |
stricter penalties/punishment |
|
|
policies that give equal treatment in education/employment for minority groups |
Affirmative Action |
|
|
|
group of people characterized by cultural/physical differences that society sets apart and subordinates |
minority group |
|
|
|
group, typically with little/no political/social power, are targeted/blamed for social problems |
scapegoat |
|
|
|
power elite using stereotype and prejudice to divide the masses; protect |
conflict |
|
|
|
part of personality to hate/mistrust minority groups; usually will mistrust more than one group |
authoritarian personality |
|
|
|
prejudice is too widespread to be the individual |
culture |
|
|
|
scapegoat, conflict, authoritarian personality, culture |
Theories of Prejudice |
|
|
|
minority groups will let go of own traditions and patterns and adopt those of dominant culture |
assimilation |
|
|
|
all cultures recognized/respected equality/priority under the law |
pluralism |
|
|
|
purposeful killing of an entire group of people |
genocide |
|
|
|
minority groups cut off physically/socially from mainstream society |
segregation |
|
|
|
access to resources based on skin colour |
White Privilege |
|
|
|
assimilation, pluralism, genocide, segregation |
Majority-Minority Interaction |
|
