Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Genetic Linkage
|
the proximity of two or more markers on the chromosome the closer together they are the lower the probability they will be seperated during recombination the parternal type progeny exceeds that of recombinant progeney
|
|
|
Recombination
|
The process by which offsrping derive a combination of genes different from that of the parent the generation of new allele combinations in higher organisms this can occur by crossing over
|
|
|
Syntenic
|
relationships between two or more loci found to be located on the same chromosome
|
|
|
Chi square test
|
is what geneticists use in order to account for the fact that the size of an experimental population is an impoortant component of statistical significance
|
|
|
Chiasmata
|
they represents regions in which non sister chromatids of nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over often sites of chromosome breakage and exchange resulting in some genetic recombination
|
|
|
Genetic markers
|
genes that serve as points of reference in determining whether particular progeney was a result of recombination
|
|
|
Terminalization
|
The shifting of the chiasmata from their original position at the centromere toward the chromosome end or telomere this happens during anaphase
|
|
|
Recombination frequency
|
the frequency in occurence of recombinatn progeney can be used as an indication of the physical distance seperating any two genes on a chromosome
|
|
|
Chromosomal interference
|
this may exist in order to the phenomeonon of crossovers not occuring independly to ensure that every pair of homologous chromosomes undergoes at least one crossover event
|
|
|
Ascus
Ascospore |
The four haploid products of meoisis that are housed in a sac the hapoid cells are called ascospores and they can germinate and survive as viable haploid individuals that grow and perpetuate themselves by mitosis
|
|
|
Tetrad
|
there are two definition of a tetrad one is the four products of a sigle meiosis held together in a sac the other definistion was earlier when a tetrad was four homologous chromatids two in each chromosome of a bivalent synapsed during prophase and metaphase of meiosis 1
|
|
|
Twin spots
|
are adjacent islands of tissue that differ from both each other and from the tissue surrounding themthis arise from homozygous cells with recessive phenotype growing amid a generally heterozygous cell population displaying a hetrozygous cell population displaying the dominant phenotype
|
|
|
Mosiac
|
an organism containing tissues of different genotypes
|
|
|
Non disjunction
|
failures in chromosomes segregation during meosis responsible for defects like trisomy
|
|
|
mitotic chromosome loss
|
a mechanism causing aneuploidy in which a particular chromatid or chromosome fails to become incorporated in either daughter cell during cell division
|
|
|
Mitotic recombination
|
is any mitotic process that generates a diploid daughter cell with a combination of alleles different from that of the diploid parental cell
|
|
|
DNA
|
(deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule of heridity that encodes genetic information contains a sugar known as deoxyribose it is found mainly in cell nuclei and is acidic
|
|
|
Nucleotides
|
a subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA or Adenine, guanine, uracil or cytosine in RNA a phosphate group and a sugar deoxyribose in DNA ribose in RNA
|
|
|
Phosphodiester bonds
|
covalent bonds joinging one nucleotide to another these bonds are the backbone of DNA
|
|
|
Polymer
|
a linked chain of repeating subunits that form a larger molecule DNA is a type of polymer
|
|
|
Transformation
|
is the bacterial mechanism for the transfer of genetic material in which free DNA of one genotype is taken in through the cell surface of bacteria of another genotype and is incorporated into the recipient cell chromosome. In eukaryotic cells, the term transformation refers to the conversion of normal eukaryotic cells into a cancer-like state
|
|
|
Phage
|
short for bacteriophage a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell literally means bacteria eater
|
|
|
Template
|
a strand of dna or rna that is used as a model by dna or rna polymerase or by reverse transcriptase for the creation of a new complementary base strand of Dna or Rna
|
|
|
Complementary base pairing
|
during DNA replication base pairing in which a complementary strand aligns opposite the exposed bases on the parent strand to create the nucleotide sequence of the new strand of DNA
|
|
|
Semi conservative replication
|
a pattern of double helix duplication in which complementary base pairing followed by the linkage of successive nucleotides yields two daughter double helices that each contain one of the original dna strands intact conserved and one completely new strand
|
|
|
initiation
|
during which proteins open up the double helix and prepare it for complementary base pairing
|
|
|
Elongation
|
during which proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides on both newly formed DNA double helixes
|
|
|
Supercoiling
|
additional twisting of the DNA molecule caused by movement of the replication fork during unwinding
|
|
|
Dna Topoisomerases
|
a group of enzymes that help relax supercoiling of the DNA helix by nicking one of both strands to allow the strands to rotate relative to eadh other
|
|
|
Telemeres
|
specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome
|
|
|
Heteroduplex region
|
a region of double stranded dna in which two strands have nonidentical though similar sequences heteroduplex regions are often formed as intermediates during crossing over
|
|
|
Gene conversion
|
any deviation from the expected 2:2 segregation of parental alleles
|
