Exam 2

Front 1

What is sensation and how isit different than perception?

Back 1

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell.

Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.

Front 2

What is transduction?

Back 2

transduction refers to reasoning from specific cases to general cases, typically employed by children during their development.

Front 3

What is the absolutethreshold?

Back 3

The absolute threshold is therefore the point at which a stimuli goes from undetectable to detectable to our senses.

Front 4

What is the differencethreshold? Is this different than justnoticeable difference?

Back 4

The difference threshold is the amount of change needed for us to recognize that a change has occurred.

Front 5

What is Weber’s Law?

Back 5

the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

Front 6

What is subliminal perception?

Back 6

Subliminal perception occurs whenever stimuli presented below the threshold

Front 7

subliminal persuasion?

Back 7

a method to present the information in a certain way that you can help the people to change their minds but without for them to be aware of what it is going on.

Front 8

What is sensory adaptation?

Back 8

a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus.

Front 9

Visual transduction means what?

Back 9

the transportation of stimuli to the central nervous system,

Front 10

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells? What are their functions and how are they different?

Back 10

The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight.

Front 11

What is your blindspot?

Back 11

the area in the retina where nerve fibres join the optic nerve. It does not contain light-sensitive cells, rods and cones, and is therefore 'blind'.

Front 12

What are the two different theories of color vision we discussed in class? How do they explain color vision? Which one is correct?

Back 12

the trichromatic theory comes from colour matching and colour mixing studies.

opponent-process theory states that the cone photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing colour pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, and black/white. Activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity in the other.

Front 13

What is the gate-control theory?

Back 13

asserts that non-painful input closes the "gates" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

Front 14

What is perceptual constancy?

Back 14

means seeing familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, and location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, and lighting

Front 15

What is figure-ground organization?

Back 15

a type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision.

Front 16

What is a reversible figure? How does this apply to figure-ground organization?

Back 16

optical illusion images which exploit graphical similarities and other properties of visual system interpretation between two or more distinct image forms.

Front 17

Gestalt principles for grouping

Back 17

• proximity.- perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and stimuli that are far apart as two separate objects.
  
• similarity.-perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object, and stimuli that are different as part of a different object.
• closure.-the mind’s tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing.

Front 18

binocular disparity and binocular convergence?

Back 18

disparity - the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes,

convergence - based on the fact that in order to project images on the retinas, the two eyes must rotate inward toward each other.

Front 19

What is synesthesia

Back 19

a condition in which one sense (for example, hearing) is simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional senses such as sight.

Front 20

What is visual agnosia?

Back 20

a condition in which a person can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information, due to a disorder in the parietal lobes.

Front 21

What is the discrete emotions theory?

Back 21

the claim that there are a small number of core emotions, typically six to ten

Front 22

What are primary emotions?

Back 22

those that we feel first, as a first response to a situation

Front 23

What are secondary emotions?

Back 23

Secondary emotions appear after primary emotions.

Front 24

What area of the brain is involved in emotion?

Back 24

limbic system,

Front 25

What are display rules?

Back 25

a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions. They can be described as culturally prescribed rules that people learn early on in their lives by interactions and socializations with other people.

Front 26

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 26

an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions.

Front 27

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Back 27

we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously.

Front 28

Schachter-Singer Theory

Back 28

This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason behind this arousal in order to experience and label it as an emotion.

Front 29

What does the facial feedback hypothesis say about emotion?

Back 29

facial movement can influence emotional experience

Front 30

Proxemics

Back 30

the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture

Front 31

What is the durability bias?

Back 31

When we predict how long we will feel about some event, we tend to over-estimate the duration of the emotional impact.

Front 32

What is the hedonic treadmill

Back 32

the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.

Front 33

What is classical conditioning?

Back 33

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Front 34

What is stimulus generalization?

Back 34

the tendency of a subject to respond to a stimulus or a group of stimuli similar but not identical to the original CS.

Front 35

UCS

Back 35

unconditioned stimulus

Front 36

UCR

Back 36

unconditioned response

Front 37

NS

Back 37

neutral stimulus

Front 38

CS

Back 38

conditioned stimulus

Front 39

What is stimulus discrimination?

Back 39

Stimulus Discrimination is when we learn to respond only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli.

Front 40

What is extinction?

Back 40

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing.

Front 41

What is spontaneous recovery?

Back 41

the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.

Front 42

What was Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

Back 42

any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

Front 43

What is operant conditioning?

Back 43

it is highly complex, integrating positive and negative conditioning into its practices;

Front 44

How can you tell the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Back 44

• Positive Reinforcement-adding something in order to increase a response
• Negative Reinforcement. Think of negative reinforcement as taking something negative away in order to increase a response.
• Punishment refers to adding something aversive in order to decrease a behavior.
  
• Extinction. When you remove something in order to decrease a behavior
  

Front 45

What is shaping?

Back 45

This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response. Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Shaping#ixzz3a7KTWtbU

Front 46

What is learned helplessness?

Back 46

a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed.

Front 47

What are cognitive maps and latent learning?

Back 47

• cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark.
  
• latent learning, defined as learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear.
  

Front 48

What is insight?

Back 48

the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing.

Front 49

What is observational learning?

Back 49

learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Front 50

What are the three systems of memory

Back 50

o Sensory Memory

o Short-term or Working Memory

o Long-term Memory