Exam 2

Front 1

Cluster Sample

Back 1

sample chosen randomly from clusters identified in the population

Front 2

Haphazard/Volunteer Sample

Back 2

sample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen

Front 3

Population

Back 3

a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study

Front 4

Sample

Back 4

the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study

Front 5

Response Rate

Back 5

the % of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey

Front 6

Simple Random Sample

Back 6

sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected

Front 7

Bar Graph

Back 7

a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where the bar height represents the size of the mean

Front 8

Degrees of Freedom

Back 8

number of scores that can vary in the calculations of a statistic

Front 9

Inferential Stats

Back 9

a set of statistical procedures used by researchers to test hypotheses about populations

Front 10

Null Hypothesis

Back 10

the hypothesis that an effect or relationship does not exist (or exists in the opposite direction of the alternative hypothesis) in the population

Front 11

One-Tailed Hypothesis

Back 11

only one direction of an effect or relationship is predicted in the alternative hypothesis of the test

Front 12

Power

Back 12

ability of a significance test to detect an effect or relationship when one exists (equal to 1-the probability of a Type II error)

Front 13

Standard Deviation

Back 13

a measure representing the average difference between the scores and the mean of a distribution

Front 14

Type I Error

Back 14

error made in a significance test when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis that is actually true

Front 15

p Value

Back 15

probability value associated with an inferential test that indicates the likelihood of obtaining the data in a study when the null hypothesis is true

Front 16

Casual Research Question

Back 16

a research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur

Front 17

Abstract

Back 17

a summary of an article that appears at the beginning of an article and in searchable data bases of journal articles

Front 18

Method

Back 18

section of an APA style article that describes the participants, design, stimuli, apparatus, and procedure used in the study

Front 19

Attrition/Mortality

Back 19

occurs when participants choose not to complete a study

Front 20

Cronbach's Alpha

Back 20

method of testing scores internal consistency that indicates the average correlation between scores on all pairs of items on a survey

Front 21

Test-Retest Reliability

Back 21

indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more then once

Front 22

Social Desirability Bias

Back 22

bias created in survey responses from respondents desire to be viewed more favorably by others, typically resulting in overreporting of "positive" behaviors and underreporting of "negative" behaviors

Front 23

Psychometrics

Back 23

area of psychological research that involves the development, validation, and refinement of surveys and tests to measure psychological constructs

Front 24

Factorial Design

Back 24

an experimental or quasi-experiment that includes more then one independent variable

Front 25

Post Hoc Tests

Back 25

additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are significantly different for a main effect

Front 26

Convenience/Purposive Sample

Back 26

sample chosen such that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined

Front 27

Probability Sample

Back 27

sample chosen such that individuals are chosen with a specific probability

Front 28

Sampling Error

Back 28

the difference btw the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that represents that pop in a study

Front 29

Stratified Random Sample

Back 29

sample chosen from the pop such that the proportion of inds w/ a particular characteristic is equivalent in the pop and sample

Front 30

Line graph

Back 30

a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where each mean is graphed as a point and the points are connected in a line to show differences btw mean scores

Front 31

Frequency Distribution

Back 31

a graph of a distribution showing the frequency of each response in the distribution

Front 32

Descriptive stats

Back 32

measures that help us summarize data sets

Front 33

Two tailed hypothesis

Back 33

both directions of an effect or relationship are considered in the alternative hypothesis of the test

Front 34

Variance

Back 34

the standard deviation of a distribution squared

Front 35

Type II error

Back 35

error made in a significance test when the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis that is actually false

Front 36

Predictive Research Question

Back 36

a research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior

Front 37

Intro

Back 37

a section of APA style article that introduces the topic of the study, reviews relevant background studies, and presents predictions for the data

Front 38

Results

Back 38

section of APA article that presents the summary of the results and the statistical tests of the predictions

Front 39

Critierion related validity

Back 39

determining the validity of the scores of a survey by examining the relationship btw the survey scores and other established measures of the behavior of interest

Front 40

non response error

Back 40

a sampling error that occurs when the individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey, biasing the sample

Front 41

split half reliability

Back 41

method of testing scores internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that addresses similar topics

Front 42

main effect

Back 42

test of the differences btw all means for each level of an ind variable in an ANOVA