Exam 2

Front 1

obligate intracellular parasite

Back 1

cannot multiply unless it invades specific host cell and instructs genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release quantities of new virus

Front 2

viruses

Back 2

-unique group of tiny infectious particles that are obligate parasites of cells

-do not exhibit the characteristics of life but can regulate the functions of host cells

-infect all groups of living things and produce a variety of diseases

-not cells, but resemble complex molecules

Front 3

cytopathic effects (CPEs)

Back 3

virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

Front 4

inclusion bodies

Back 4

compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles

Front 5

lysogeny

Back 5

viral nucleic acid is incorporated into normal DNA

Front 6

latent

Back 6

stands still

Front 7

lytic cycle

Back 7

replication

Front 8

lysogenic cycle

Back 8

-viral DNA becomes latent as prophage

-the viral DNA molecule is inserted at specific sites on the bacterial chromosome

-the viral DNA is duplicated along with the regular genome and can provide adaptive genes for the host bacterium

Front 9

lytic cycle

Back 9

1. adsorption

2. penetration

3. duplication of phage components; replication of virus genetic material

4. assembly of new virons

5. maturation

6. lysis of weakened cell

7. release of viruses

Front 10

prions

Back 10

group of noncellular infectious agents that are not viruses and belong in a category all by themselves

Front 11

a virus is a tiny infectious __________.

Back 11

particle

Front 12

viruses are known to infect ___________.

Back 12

all organisms

Front 13

the capsid is composed of protein subunits called ___________.

Back 13

protomers

Front 14

the envelope of an animal virus is derived from the __________ of its host cell

Back 14

cell membrane

Front 15

the nucleic acid of a virus is ____________.

Back 15

either DNA or RNA, not both

Front 16

the general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are ___________________.

Back 16

adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release

Front 17

a prophage is a/an _________ stage in the cycle of _________.

Back 17

latent, bacterial viruses

Front 18

the nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the host cell through __________.

Back 18

fusion and endocytosis

Front 19

in general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell _______ and DNA viruses multiply in the cell _________.

Back 19

cytoplasm, nucleus

Front 20

enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called ___________.

Back 20

spikes

Front 21

viruses that persist in the cell and cause recurrent disease are considered ___________.

Back 21

latent

Front 22

viruses can not be cultivated in __________.

Back 22

blood agar

Front 23

clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called ___________.

Back 23

plaques

Front 24

not a general pattern of virus morphology ___________.

Back 24

complex, helical

Front 25

CHNOPS

Back 25

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

Front 26

Photoautoproph

Back 26

photosynthetic organisms, such as algae, plants, cyanobacteria

Front 27

chemoautotroph

Back 27

only certain bacteria, such as methanogens, deep-sea vent bacteria

Front 28

chemoheterotroph

Back 28

protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals

Front 29

saprobe

Back 29

fungi, bacteria (decomposer)

Front 30

photoheterotroph

Back 30

purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

Front 31

environmental factors that control microbial growth:

Back 31

temperature, pH, moisture, radiation, gases, and other microorganisms

Front 32

three cardinal temperatures for microorganism

Back 32

minimum, maximum, and optimum

Front 33

microorganisms are classified by their temperature requirements:

Back 33

psychrophiles, mesophiles, or thermophiles

Front 34

an organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a ____________.

Back 34

growth factor

Front 35

aerobe

Back 35

a microorganism that can live and grow only in the presence of oxygen

Front 36

anaerobe

Back 36

a microorganism that grows best or exclusively without oxygen

Front 37

the source of the necessary elements of life is __________.

Back 37

an organic environmental reservoir

Front 38

an organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a ___________.

Back 38

photoautotroph

Front 39

an obligate halophile requires high _________.

Back 39

salt

Front 40

chemoautotrophs can survive on ___________ alone.

Back 40

minerals and CO2 alone

Front 41

what is a substance required by ALL organisms?

Back 41

inorganic nutrients

Front 42

a pathogen would most likely be described as a __________.

Back 42

parasite

Front 43

passive transport

Back 43

requires a gradient

Front 44

a cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ______ by osmosis.

Back 44

lose water

Front 45

active transport of a substance across a membrane requires _________.

Back 45

the expenditure of ATP

Front 46

psychrophiles would be expected to grow _______.

Back 46

at refrigeration temperatures

Front 47

superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack ____________.

Back 47

dismutase

Front 48

the time required for a cell to undergo binary fission is called the _________.

Back 48

generation time

Front 49

in a viable plate, each __________ represents a __________ from the sample population

Back 49

colony, cell

Front 50

the stage in population growth with the highest rate of cell division is the ___________

Back 50

enlargement phase

Front 51

Characteristics of enzymes

Back 51

-most composed of protein

-act as organic catalyst to speed up rate of cellular reactions

-have unique characteristics: shape, specificity, and function

-provide active site for substrates

-much larger than substrates

Front 52

catalase

Back 52

breaks down hydrogen peroxide; metallic cofactor required: Iron (Fe)

Front 53

hexokinase

Back 53

transfers phosphate to glucose; metallic cofactor required: Magnesium (Mg)

Front 54

Urease

Back 54

splits urea into an ammonium ion; metallic cofactor required: Nickel (Ni)

Front 55

DNA polymerase complex

Back 55

synthesis of DNA; metallic cofactor required: Zinc (Zn) and Mg

Front 56

competitive inhibition

Back 56

control process that relies on the ability of metabolic analogs to control microbial growth by successfully competing with a necessary enzyme to halt the growth of bacterial cells

Front 57

metabolism

Back 57

all the biochemical reactions that occur in the cell

Front 58

anabolism

Back 58

the energy-requiring subset of metabolic reactions, which degrade, or break down large molecules into smaller ones

Front 59

_______ is another term for biosynthesis

Back 59

anabolism

Front 60

catabolism is a form of metabolism in which _________ molecules are converted into _________ molecules.

Back 60

large, small

Front 61

an enzyme ______ the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.

Back 61

lowers

Front 62

an enzyme _________

Back 62

is heat and pH liable

Front 63

an apoenzyme is where the _______ is located

Back 63

active site

Front 64

many coenzymes are ________

Back 64

vitamins

Front 65

to digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces an __________

Back 65

exoenzyme

Front 66

energy in biological systems is primarily __________

Back 66

chemical

Front 67

energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of ________

Back 67

high-energy ATP bonds

Front 68

exergonic reactions __________

Back 68

release potential energy

Front 69

helicase

Back 69

unzipping the DNA helix

Front 70

primase

Back 70

synthesizing to an RNA primer

Front 71

DNA polymerase III

Back 71

adding bases to the new DNA chain; proofreading the chain for mistakes

Front 72

DNA polymerase I

Back 72

removing RNA primer, closing gaps, repairing mismatches

Front 73

Ligase

Back 73

final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Front 74

Gyrase

Back 74

supercoiling

Front 75

genetics

Back 75

the study of the expression of biological information and its transfer between organism

Front 76

nucleic acids

Back 76

molecules that contain the blueprints of life in the form of genes

Front 77

genome

Back 77

the total amount of DNA in an organism's chromosomes

Front 78

Messenger (mRNA)

Back 78

contains codes for sequence of amino acids in protein; function in cell: carries the DNA master code to the ribosome

Front 79

Transfer (tRNA)

Back 79

contains codes for a cloverleaf tRNA to carry amino acids; function in cell: brings amino acids to ribosome during translation

Front 80

Ribosomal (rRNA)

Back 80

contains codes for several large structural rRNA molecules; function in cell: forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

Front 81

Primer

Back 81

contains codes for an RNA that can begin DNA replication; function in cell: primes DNA

Front 82

Changes in the genetic code can occur by two means:

Back 82

mutation and recombination

Front 83

recombination

Back 83

the addition of genes from an outside source

Front 84

what is the smallest unit of heredity (genotype) ?

Back 84

gene

Front 85

a nucleotide contains ________ ?

Back 85

a 5-carbon sugar

Front 86

the nitrogen bases in DNA are bonded to the _________

Back 86

ribose

Front 87

DNA replication is semiconservative because the _________ strand will become half of the __________.

Back 87

codon, anticodon

Front 88

in DNA, adenine is the complementary base for __________, and cytosine is the complement for ________.

Back 88

thymine, guanine

Front 89

the base pairs are held together primarily by __________.

Back 89

hydrogen bonds

Front 90

why must the lagging strand of DNA be replicated in short pieces?

Back 90

otherwise, the helix will become distorted

Front 91

Messenger RNA is formed by ______ of a gene on the DNA template strand.

Back 91

replication

Front 92

transfer RNA is the molecule that _______

Back 92

adapts the genetic code to protein structure

Front 93

as a general rule, the template strand on DNA will always begin with _______

Back 93

TAC

Front 94

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 94

amplifies small amounts of DNA into larger quantities for further analysis

Front 95

DNA fingerprinting

Back 95

technique by which organisms are identified for purposes of medical diagnosis, genetic ancestry, forensics, and parentage

Front 96

which gene is incorporated into plasmids to detect recombinant cells?

Back 96

antibiotics resistance

Front 97

the function of ligase is to ______

Back 97

rejoin segments of DNA

Front 98

the pathogen of plant roots that is used as a cloning host is _________

Back 98

agrobacterium

Front 99

nucleic acid probe

Back 99

oligonucleotide used in hybridzation

Front 100

nontemplate strand

Back 100

the nontranslated strand of DNA or RNA

Front 101

template strand

Back 101

strand of nucleic acid that is transcribed or translated

Front 102

reverse transcriptase

Back 102

enzyme that transcribes RNA into DNA

Front 103

Taq polymerase

Back 103

thermostable enzyme for synthesizing DNA

Front 104

antisense DNA

Back 104

complementary strand that blocks mRNA expression

Front 105

primer

Back 105

oligonucleotide that initiates the PCR

Front 106

restriction endonuclease

Back 106

enzyme that snips DNA into palindromes