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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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substantia nigra |
- associated with parkinson's - part of basal ganglia - supplies DA (dopamine) |
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basal ganglia |
- network of structures that form a ring around the thalamus - modifies movements by surpressing competing movements; adds "grace" to movements - controls movement/body position - sense of direction/distance -reward/addiction
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parts of basal ganglia |
putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus acumbens, substantia nigra
striatum = putamen & caudate nucleus
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limbic system |
- network of structures that form a ring around brainstem - controls emotion, memory, and learning processes, and smell |
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thalamus |
- "relay" station between brainstem - controls emotions, memory, and learning process, and senses (not smell) |
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hypothalamus |
- pituitary gland - below thalamus - regulates behavior - metabolic functions (autonomic system)
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hippocampus |
long term memory
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cingulate gyrus |
emotions/anxiety |
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amygdala |
aggression/fear |
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pituitary gland |
regulates blood pressure, water balance in body, sex organs
- produces hormones |
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pineal gland |
produces melotonin (for sleep) |
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septal nuclei |
reward/reinforcement |
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fornix |
tract of white matter connecting hypothalamus to hippocampus |
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emotions vs. feelings |
emotions: bodily reaction (blood pressure, dilated pupils) provoked by emotionally competent stimuli
feelings: occurs AFTER we become aware in our brain of such physical changes |
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blood supply to brain |
arteries: carries oxygenated blood to body veins: returns deoxygenated blood back to heart capillaries: smaller veins/arteries (smallest blood vessels) |
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cerebral arteries |
anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery |
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anterior cerebral artery |
- interior frontal lobe, medial frontal, and parietal lobes - limbic system - important for thinking, reasoning, planning
problems: - reduced thinking/reasoning - impaired planning - paralysis in legs
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middle cerebral artery |
- most of cortex - including basal ganglia - damage to left MCA = aphasia - sensory function, spatial, visual, and voluntary movements, speech |
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posterior cerebral artery |
inferior temporal and occipital lobes - thalamus and limbic system - visual and coordination problems: cortical blindness and coordination loss |
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circle of willis |
- protection/back up system - "circle" - anterior and posterior communicating arteries provide back up if one gets blocked - can re-route blood supply |
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basilar blood system |
- fusion of vetebral arteries (where the 2 artieries join together @ base of skull) - beneath circle of willis - supplies blood to cerebellum, brain stem, and diff parts of brain |
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carotid blood system |
external carotid: facial muscles, forehead, oral, and nasal cavities
internal carotid: feeds the brain, especially anterior portion |
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cebrovascular accident (CVA) |
- "stroke" - thrombotic: blood clot (thrombus) blocks flow of blood in brain - embolic: blood clot breaks away and flows to brain where it blocks an artery - cerebral hemorrhage: break in blood vessel (aneurysm) in brain |
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somatosensation |
- bodily experienced sensations - pain, temperature, touch, proprioception - specialized receptors in skin/muscles - signal conversion into neural impulses - projections to spinal cord by dorsal root ganglia - info sent to primary sensory cortex - info integration in association cortex |
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3 neuron organization |
1) first order neurons: - cell bodies in DRG - collect sensory info from periphery - transmit to 2nd order 2) second order neurons: - in spinal cord/brain stem - projections cross to opposite thalamus 3) third order neurons - in thalamus - projections to primary sensory cortex |
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spinal cord |
- spinal cord -> CNS - spinal nerves -> PNS (31 pairs) - carries out motor command - initiates reflex movement - "lowest level" of motor function |
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grey matter vs. white matter |
grey matter: ends at thoracic/lumbar, processes info - cell bodies, has no myelin
white matter: continues into lumbar/sacral, transmit info between brain and body - most decussate - fibers - myelinated |
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afferent nerve fibers (spinal cord) |
- sensory/receptor neurons - ascending - carry nerve impulses from receptors/sense organs TOWARD CNS - dorsal root ganglia: sends info from body into cord and up white matter tracts - dorsal columns, anterolateral, spinothalamic, spinocerebellar
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efferent nerve fibers (spinal cord) |
- motor neurons - descending - carry nerve impulses AWAY from CNS to muscles and glands - ventral root - pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts (coritcospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal)
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corticospinal tract |
- motor strip -> midbrain -> pons -> medulla -> spinal cord (decussate at medulla) - efferent - descending - part of pyramidal tract - motor impulses from motor cortex to brain stem - transmit voluntary motor commands |
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4 sections of spinal cord |
from top to bottom: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
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anterolateral tract |
- ascending - carries a lot of info about emotional processing (sensory receptors: mechano, thermo, noci) - sensation -> DRG -> dorsal horn -> ant lateral tract -> pons -> thalamus -> sensory strip - decussate at spinal cord - to cortex from skin/muscle receptors - two tracts associated with this: 1) lateral spinothalamic tract: pain and temperature 2) anterior spinothalamic tract: general touch/diffuse touch/un-localized touch/itch
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cerebellum role in motor system |
- participates in motor planning - regulates/coordinates ongoing movement - motor learning/memory (excitatory)
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basal ganglia role in motor system |
- regulates motor activity and modifies it - inhibitory - pieces coming together = system of integration - network of connections to muscles - also important for other functions (emotion, personality, cognition)
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motor cortex strip in motor system |
- highest motor function - executes movement w/feedback to cortical/subcortical areas - participates in cognitive planning of motor activity (homunculus) |
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mechanorecption |
touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (sense of own body) |
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thermoreception |
temperature (cold/heat) |
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nociception |
pain |
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parkison's disorder |
- resting tremor: degenerative changes in substantia nigra - basal ganglia dysfunction - low levels of dopamine - medication for parkinsons = increase dopamine levels |
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hierarchy of neuronal motor network |
highest to lowest: motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord |
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dorsal horn |
sensory cells |
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ventral horn |
motor cells |
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mamillary bodies |
- involved in processing spatial memory and recognition - adjacent to hypothalamus |
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where does spinothalamic decussate |
does not decussate, goes directly from spine to thalamus |
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where does corticospinal tract decussate |
at medulla (brain stem) |
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different kinds of sensation |
- background: how do you feel? a state a being. (energy) - primary: easy to identify (fear, anger, happiness) - social: complex (embarrassment, admiration, envy) |
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motor loop |
- motor impulses and sensory information get sent to putamen - signal reaches thalamus (both facilitated and inhibited) - refined projections get sent back to motor cortex as coordinated output |
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association/cognitive loop |
-training loop - afferents from cortical areas go to caudate nucleus and nucleus acumbens (basil ganglia) - projections (faciliated and inhibited) reach thalamus - projections go back to coritcal areas |
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limbic loop |
- emotion/expression loop - hippocampus, amygdala, limbic lobe project to caudate nucleus & nucleus acumbens - projections go to thalamus - then back to limbic lobe |
