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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypotonic |
Saltier on inside cell swells up and gets big |
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aquaporin
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h20 moves freely and reversible through h20 channels constructed by transmembrane protein |
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exocytosis
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exits kiss and run
vesicles docks to membrane fuses and releases substance then retreats back |
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osmosis
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diffusion of solvent
salt=sucks h20 towards it occurs when h20 concentration unequal |
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helicase |
enzyme that unwinds DNA
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DNA polymerase
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binds the unwound DNA |
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DNA replication
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helicase unwinds DNA
DNA polymerase reattached base pairs only goes one direction |
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endocytosis
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bring substance into cell from outside
recycle back to membrane digested in ltsosomes and degraded 3 types phagocytosis pinocytosis reciptor mediated endocytosis |
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mrna
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encodes genetic information to be translated to proteins
get during transcription |
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rrna
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ribosomal rna
part of the ribosome |
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trna
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small clover shaped
used for protein manufacturing holds amino acids atp |
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start and stop signals
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start AUG |
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cell theory
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cell basic structural and functional unit of life
continuity of life is cellular |
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channel mediated facilitated diffusion
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transmembrane proteins
leakage channels always open gated channels require chemical or electrical signal |
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sodium potassium pump
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na binds to pump opens up other side let's out na |
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glycolipids
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lipids with attached sugar groups
found only on outer plasma membrane surface account only 5% total membrane |
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hydrophilic vs hydrophobic
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philic- polar charge head
molecule phospholipids loves water phobic-uncharged nonpartisan tail made of 2 fatty acid chains |
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integral vs peripheral protein
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integral- sit in the membrane
peripheral - sit on the membrane |
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osmolariry
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total concentration of all solute parts in solution
hydrostatic pressure- pressure h2o membrane osmatic pressure- pressure to resist h20 flow |
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microvilli
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fingerling projections of plasma membrane
increase surface area found in absorbitive cells |
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desmosomes
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give stability |
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gap junction |
tunnel connect cells
small openings allow ions, simple sugars and small molecules thru in heart and smooth muscle |
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membrane transport |
passive mechanisms diffusion filtration requires nothing
active mechanisms active transport vesicular transport require energy |
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diffusion |
things move down concentration gradient until reach equilibrium |
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2nd active transport works |
atp driven na-k pump stores energy by creating steep concentration gradient
na diffuses back across membrane through cotransport protein |
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nucleus |
control center brain of cell largest organelle most cells have 1 red blood cells 0
nuclear envelope nucleoli chromatin |
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pinocytosis |
cell drinks bring in small volumes of extra cellular fluid
plasma membrane sinks beneath external fluid droplet edges fuse forming fluid filled vesicle |
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receptor mediated endocytosis |
specific molecules bind receptors and are internalized
selective endocytosis |
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resting membrane potential |
cells are polarized cells maintain voltage at membrane as consequence of ion imbalance
-50--100 millivolts measurable |
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ligands |
signaling molecules |
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pathway of a protein |
ribosome- gets made ER- use some of the protein Golgi- sends it where it needs to go either used or sent out of cell |
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tight junction |
integral proteins fuse to adjacent cells proteins helps fuse cells together ex: epithelias of digestive tract |
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glycocalyx |
carbohydrate rich covering of outer membrane |
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cell division |
Mitosis interphase- dna replicates 2 pair centriodes early prophase- chromatin condensenses as chromosomes late prophase-nuclear envelopes dissolves metaphase- chromosomes allign in middle anaphase- chromosomes split pulled towards poles telophase- starts when chromosomes stops cytokinesis- cell movement |
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primart active transport |
require hydrolysis of ATP transport of substances against concentration gradient uses solute pump |
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G-protein messenger systems |
acts as middle man or relays it activates or inactivates effector protein by causing it's shape to change |
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phagocytosis |
engulf large particles cell eating lg external particles (protein, dead cell, etc.) surrounded by seizing foot becomes enclosed |
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simple diffusion |
movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of lower concentration
movement of fats, o2, co2 through lipid membrane |
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carrier mediated facilitated diffusion |
integral conformation change transport molecules across membrane # of carriers limit speed of transport |
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cytoplasm |
fills the cell cytosol- viscous fluid with properties of colloid and solute cytoplasmic orgnelles- machinery of cell inclusions- store nutrients |
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mitochondria |
98% ATP comes from bean shape 2 membranes outer smooth inner folded forming cristae have own dna and rna can replicate |
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ribosomes |
makes protein of cell small dark staining granules on endoplactic reticulum |
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endoplastic reticulum |
50% of cell membrane Rough ER- studed walls with ribosomes Smooth ER- continous with RER consist of tubeles arranged in looping network Lipd metabalism, synthesis of steroid hormones detoxification, breakdown glucose |
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golgi apparatus |
stack of thins membranous sacs and small vesicle directs protein cells modify, concentrate, package proteins and lipids transport to cis face- recieves proteins trans face- ships out |
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lysosomes |
spherical dumpster cell contain digestive enzyme membrane pumps H and keeps hydrolisis from digestive cells reproduce fast |
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peroxisomes |
contain powerful enzymes oxidase and catalases neutralizes free radicals
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cell cycle |
interphase- cell growth, from cell formation to division 3 subphases G1- growth S- DNA replication G2-Synthesis protein
Mitotic phase- cell division |
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codon anticodon |
corresponding 3 bases sequence on MRNA
3 base sequence compliments MRNA |
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Aquaporin |
channels constructed by transmembrane protein h20 moves freely between the 2 sides |
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transcription |
DNA to RNA
encoding DNA info as RNA |
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Translation |
RNA to protein
converting RNA to protein |
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Triplets |
sequence of 3 bases thought as word that specifies a certain amino acid |
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Isotonic |
cells retain normal size same solute/h20 concentration in and out |
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cartilage |
high h20 content no nerves or blood vessels surrounded by dense connective tissue
hyaline elastic fibrocartilage |
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hyaline cartilage |
most abundant
articular-joints costal-connect ribs to sternum respiratory- larynx and respiratory tubes nasal- external nose |
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elastic cartilage |
bend easily ears and epiglottis |
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fibrocartilage |
highly compressible and strong, under heavy pressure and stress |
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cartilage grown |
appositional growth- forming cells in surrounding perichondrium
interstital growth- lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix |
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axil vs appendicular |
axis of the body, skull, vertabrae, ribcage
appendicular- upper and lower limbs |
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bone structures |
long bone irregular bone flat bone short bone |
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functions of bones |
support protect movement mineral and growth factor storage blood cell formation |
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gross anatomy long bone |
diaphysis- shaft of bone epiphysis- ends of bone compact bone around spongy bone epiphseal line- divides diaphysis from epiphysis |
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long bone membrane |
periosteum- outer fibrous layer, dense irregular connective tissue osteogenic layer- outer osteoblast- build bone osteoclast- destroy bone
endosteum- inner delicate connective tissue with blasts and clasts |
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short, irregular, flat bones anatomy |
thin plates of compact bone covering spongy
periosteum on outside and endosteum covering spongy bone
spongy bone- trabeculae |
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compact bone histology |
structual unit (osteon) rings called lamella
Haversian (central) canal- blood vessels and nerves
volkmans (perforating) canal- connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum to central canal perpindicular
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lacunae |
hold mature bone cells at edge of lamellae |
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canaliculi |
connect lacunae to each other and central canal (nutrient waste) |
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osteocytes |
sensors of bone distress
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interstital lamellae |
fill gaps between osteons |
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circumferential lamellae |
outer and inner surface of bone |
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spongy bone |
no osteons trabeculae allign with stress lines of bone |
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chemical structure |
organic- cells and osteiod only 1/3 of bone mass
inorganic- mineral salts (calcium phosphates) 2/3 bone mass |
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intramembranous ossification |
only in flat bones and clavicles membrane serve as supportive structure for ossification starts in 8 week prenatal bone develops from fibrous membrane |
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endochondral ossification |
bone replaces hyaline cartilage cartilage bones serve as template
blood vessels inflitrat perichodrium convert it to periosteum
mesenchymal converts to osteoblasts |
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process of intramembranous ossificatio |
1. ossification centers appears in fibrous connective tissue matrix 2. bone matrix (osteiod) secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies 3. woven bone and periosteum form 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone red bone marrow appears |
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process of endochondral ossification |
1. bone collar forms around hyaline 2. cartilage in center calcifies and develops cavities 3. periosteal bud invades the cavities and spongy bone form 4. diaphysis elongates and medullar cavity forms 2nd ossification centers in epipysis 5. epipysis ossifies hyaline remains only in plates
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growth of bones |
1. resting zone (quiescent) 2. growth zone (prolification) cart. undergoes mitosis 3. hypertonic zone older cart. cells enlarge 4.calcification zone matrix becomes calcified, cart. dies matrix deteriotes 5. ossification zone new bone formation
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bone remodeling |
removal and addition of bone clasts and blasts
bone deposit- injury or added strength required
bone resorption- osteoclasts dissolve organics and inorganics |
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mechanical stress control |
Wolf's law long bones thickest in middle
curved bones thickest near buckling points
trabacule orriented along compression lines
large projections occur where muscle attach |
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bone repair |
1. hematoma forms blood traped in periosteum 2. fibrocartilage callus forms 3. bony callus forms cartilage exchange for bone 4. bone remodeling occurss |
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bone fractures |
comminuted- bone fragmentss 3 or more pieces compression- bone crushed spiral- twisting as breaks epiphyseal- epipysis seperates from diaphysis depressed- broken bone pressed inward greenstick- bone breaks incompletly |
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osteoporosis |
common in spongy bone loss of estrogen in menopause lack of excercise low calcium abnormal vitamin d receptorss
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osteomalacia/ rickets |
low calcium vitamin d deficiency |
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hypertonic |
cell lose h20 by osmosis and shrink
higher concentration on outside of cell |
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2ndary active transport |
uses stored energy cotransports of 2 solutes across membrane
symporters- move trans substance same direction
anti porters- move in oppostie direction |
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epithelial tissue charateristics |
polarity(apical, basal) modifications (cilia, villi) all is avascular supported by basement membrane very cellular regenerative |
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connective tissue characteristics |
common embryonic stem cell degrees of vascularity cartliage avascular rest is vascular no basement membrane fewer cells, have fibers and matrix
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epithelial tissues |
simple squamous- lung simple cuboidal- kidney simple columnar- jejunum pseudostratified ciliated columnar- trachea stratified squamous- esophagus transitional- urinary bladder |
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connective tissues |
areolar loos connective tissue- areolar adipose tissue- epiglottis dense regular connective tissue- tendon hyaline cart.- trachea elastic cart.- ear fibrocartilage- invert. disc bone- |
