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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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judicial review |
power of supreme court to review actions by other branches of gov and declare them unconstitutional
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original jurisdiction
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authority of a court to hear a case first
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constitutional courtsa
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courts created by congress under Article III
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legislative courts
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highly specialized courts under article I of the constitution
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grand juries
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groups of citizens who decide if there is enough evidence to indict the accused
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petit juries
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groups of citizens who decide if there is enough evidence to charge a person guilty
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circuit courts
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12 jurisdicitons across the US (one for each jurisdiction) that hears appeals from federal district courts
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appellate courts
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courts that hear cases on appeal
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briefs
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documents setting out the arguments in leagal cases prepped by attorneys
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opinion
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explanation of the majority's reasoning that accompanies a court decision
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precedents
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past rulings by courts which guide judicial reasoning in subsequent cases
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stare decisis
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the lagaql doctrine that says precedent should guide judicial decision making
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senatorial courtesy
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judicial nomination should be approved by senior senator of president's party
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standing
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authority to bring legal action because one is directly affected by the issues at hand
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executive privelege
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preseidential claim that certain communications with subordiantes may be withheld from congress and the courts
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separate by equal doctrine
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principle articulated in Plessy v. Ferguson allowed separate but equal facilities
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superprecedents
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landmark rulings that have been reaffirmed by the court over the course of many years and whose reasoning has become part of the fabric of American law
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plaintiff
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one who brings suit in a court
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in forma pauperis
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describing a process by which indigents may file a suit with the supreme court free of charge
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writ of certiorari
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an announcement that hte supreme court will hear a case on appeal from a lower court requires vote of 4 of the 9
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opinion of the court
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majoirty opinion of the supreme court for a case
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concurring opinion
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opnions of justices who agree with the ruling but for different reasons
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dissenting opinion
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opinions of justices who are in the minority
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judicial activism
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actions by the courts that purportedly go beyond the role of the judiciary as interpreter of the law and adjudicator of disputes
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remedy
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action that a court determines must be taken to rectify a wrong done by gov
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original intent
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courts must interpret constitution in ways consistent with the wishes of the framers
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strict construction
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provisions of the constitution have a clear meaning and judges must stick closely to this meaning
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test case
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case brought to force a ruling on the constitutionality of some law
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class action lawsuit
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lawsuit brought on behalf of a group of people who are in a situation similar to that of the plaintiffs
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responsible party
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notion that a political party will take clear and distinct stands on the issues and enact them as policy once elected into office
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prospective voting model
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theory of democratic elections in which voters decide what gov will do in the near future
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electoral competition model
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form of election in which parties seeking votes move toward the median voter
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electoral reward and punishment
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tendency to vote for incumbents when times are good and against them when times are bad
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provisional ballot
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vote that is cast but not counted until determination is made that voter is properly reigstered
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franshise
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same as suffreage legal right to vote
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Electoral college
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reps who cast vote for president based on direction of majority in constituency
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party convention
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gathering of delegates who nominate a party's presidential candidate
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primary election
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staewide elections in which voters choose delegates to the national party conventions
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party caucuses
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process for selecting delegates to the national party conventions characterized by neighborhood and area wide meetings of party supporters and activists
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turnout
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proportion of Americans who actually vote to those who are eleigible to vote
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referenda
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state laws or constitutional amendments are proposed by legislature and voted by direct popular vote by the constituents of the staes
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initiatives
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option for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendments on tha ballot for voter approval
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superdelegates
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elected officials who are appointed by party committees to be delegates of the national convention of the Democratic party
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electors
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reoresentatives who are elected in states to formally choose the POTUS
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plurality
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more votes than any other candidate but less than majoirty of all votes cast
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realignment
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process by which one party supplants another as the dominant party view page 268
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dealignment
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gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another supplanting it
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party identification
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sense of belonging to one or another political party
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liberal
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fed gov has substantial role to play in providing economic justice and opportunity, regulating business
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conservative
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exact opposite of a liberal
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unified gov
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control of exec and legis under one party
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gridlock
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things cannot get done because of divided gov
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active partisans
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people who identify with a party, vote, and participate in additional party activities
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leaners
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people who claim to be independents but consistently favor one party over another
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core beliefs
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individuals' views about the fundamental nature of human beings society and economics
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political attitudes
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views about public policies political parties
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public opinion
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aggregated political attitudes of ordinary people as revealed by surveyors
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sample survey
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interview study asking questions of a set of people who are chosen as representative of the whole population
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political socialization
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process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs
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collective public opinion
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political attitudes of the public as a whole expressed as averages percentages or other summaries of many opinions
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policy preferences
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citizens' ideas about what policies they want gov to pursue
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unilateralist |
stance toward foreign policy that says US should seek its own interest without support from other countries
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multilateralist
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US should seek support and approval of other nations
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civil liberties
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freedoms found primarily in Bill of Rights
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habeas corpus
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must have timely hearing
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ex post facto law
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law that retroactively declares some action illegal (this is unconstitutional)
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bill of attainder
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person guilty of a crime that carries the death penalty does not get a trial (this is unconstitutional)
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economic liberty
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right to and use property free from unreasonable gov interference
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full faith and credit
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Article IV Section 1 states must respect the public acts laws and rulings of other states
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contract clause
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Article I Section 10 prohibits states from passing any laws imparing the obligations of contracts
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selective incorporation
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gradual spread of Bill of Rights to states by supreme court
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incorporation
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also nationalizing process where Bill of Rights is binding on the states
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prior restraint
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gov power to prevent publication as opposed to punishment afterward
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free exercise clause
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1st Amendment congress cannot impede upon right to exercise religion
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establishment clause
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1st Amendment cannot establish an official religion doctrine of separation of state and church
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exclusionary rule
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fruits of the poisonous tree |
