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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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socialization |
the process through which people learn their culture’s basic norms, values, beliefs, and appropriate behaviors |
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agents of socialization |
are people and groups who teach us about our culture.
-family -school -media -peer groups -the workplace -religion |
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incest taboo |
a norm restricting sexual relations between certain relatives |
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michel foucault |
wrote "The History of Sexuality"
- people who lived amongst us in the past were homo & hetero, but their actions weren't deemed wrong (impression was that is how things worked) |
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heterosexism |
the assumption that everyone is heterosexual |
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homophobia |
the disapproval and fear of LGBT people |
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critical period hypothesis |
you are born with the ability to use language, but if not accessed within a certain time (puberty) it can be lost |
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doing gender |
creating gender through interactions in particular social settings
-when a baby boy and girl are first born they act the same
-agents of socialization mold them to be different |
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social construction |
the way individuals and groups participate in the construction of their perceived social reality |
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gender role |
a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person’s sex |
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sense of self |
the collection of thoughts and feelings you have when considering yourself as an object |
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Looking Glass Self |
the idea that our sense of self develops as a reflection of the way we think others see us |
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Charles Horton Cooley |
Reflexivity: Looking Glass Self
- We imagine our image in the eyes of others. - We imagine the others making some judgment about us. - We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgment. |
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George Herbert Mead |
"I" and "Me"
says no sharp line can be drawn between social psychology and individual psychology
-inner speech = doing something spontaneous and asking yourself "is that me?" |
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4 stages of social development |
pre play stage play stage game stage generalized other |
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pre play stage |
may imitate but is not aware of self |
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play stage |
understanding that symbols can represent something; beginning the use of imagination |
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game stage |
the ability to play roles and understand the relationship between them |
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generalized other |
the values and orientations of one’s overall community rather than those of specific individuals |
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The Thomas Theorem |
reality is whatever we all agree it is |
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Berger and Luckmann |
the steps of constructing social reality
-externalization -create -objectivation -natural -internalization -invisible
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social groups |
collections of people who interact regularly and who are aware of their status as a group |
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primary groups |
social groups containing people who have regular contact, enduring relationships, and a significant emotional attachment to each other |
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secondary groups |
social groups made up of people who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually to carry out some specific task |
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reference groups |
the groups against which we choose to measure ourselves |
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organizations |
secondary groups that expand and have a degree of social structure |
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bureaucracy |
hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures used to manage organizations |
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organizational environment |
factors that exist outside of the organization but that potentially affect its operation
-economy -government -law -technology -wider culture |
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in-groups |
a social group with which a person identifies and toward which he or she has positive feelings |
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out-groups |
a social group toward which a person has negative feelings, considering its members to be inferiors, or “them” |
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groupthink |
a form of uncritical thinking in which people reinforce a consensus rather than ask serious questions or thoroughly analyze the issue at hand |
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deviance |
behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations |
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collective conscience |
the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community
Emilie Durkheim |
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Defining Deviant Behavior |
Erickson: “Deviance is not a property inherent in any particular kind of behavior; it is a property conferred upon that behavior |
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labeling theory |
deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior, and individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity |
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stigma |
shame attached to a behavior |
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secondary deviance |
deviant behavior that is a response to a negative consequence |
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the role of deviance within social structures |
-defining group boundaries -creating social solidarity (social norms) -providing a source of innovation |
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deviance explained on the basis of idividualism |
-immortality -illness (can alter the stigma assoc. with behavior) -rational choice |
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differential association theory |
deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior |
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deviant subculture |
a group in which membership is based on a shared commitment to specific nonconformist beliefs or behaviors |
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strain theory |
strain or pressure on those who lack the means to achieve culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success |
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Merton's Strain Theory |
-Innovation: socially unacceptable routes to success
-Ritualism: going through the motions while rejecting culturally-valued goals
-Retreatism: isolation and withdrawal when without access to the means of success and rejecting goals
-Rebellion: creation of new goals and adoption of new means of attaining them |
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overconformity |
following cultural expectations to an excessive degree |
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positive deviance |
overconformity that gets a positive response |
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normalization |
a shift in cultural norms in which previously deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional |
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control theory |
our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to major social institutions, including family, school, and religion |
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agents of social control |
the social institutions that enforce norms and rules, attempt to prevent rule violations, and identify and punish rule violators |
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five rationales for punishment |
-retribution -rehabilitation -deterrence -protection -punishment |
