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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is culture? |
- Traditions - Custom - Family - Religion - Economic Status - Languages |
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Culture as an equation |
Human - Nature
*Everything human is culture |
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Cultum |
To grow or cultivate (Latin) |
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How is cultivating part of our culture? |
- What we grow and how we grow it
Example: Corn in fields, farming - planting corn in rows is part of our culture, what we do with that is also culture |
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Material |
Physical objects we create
Examples: Clothing, money, books |
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Nonmaterial |
Things we can't touch but still exist
Examples: Values, expectations, rituals, music, inequality, racism, ideas, attitudes |
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Use a book as an example for 'material' and 'nonmaterial' |
A physical book is an object that you can hold and touch
The story inside the physical pages is nonmaterial |
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Culture in terms of man |
Superior man - Inferior man |
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In-group |
Group we identify ourselves as belonging to
Our "reference" group |
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Out-group |
Not part of the in-group
Judge other groups of individuals using standards of our own |
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Ethnocentrism |
Make judgments and conclude we are superior in how we evaluate other groups using standards of our own |
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Cultural relativism |
Opposite of ethnocentric
Not evaluating other groups based upon own practices
Recognize different ways to practice culture |
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Circumcision as a cultural practice |
Don't question male circumcision because - acceptable in our culture - done in a hospital; safer - religious beliefs |
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What are social norms? |
Define acceptable, expected, or required behavior |
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Value |
Belief in something that is desirable
Example: We value politeness |
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Norm |
Behavioral expectation Can be seen
Example: Saying thank you |
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Belief |
Idea Unseen |
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Habits |
Routine Similar to norms Produce predictable behavior Obligation to comply with norm, not habit |
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Is it ethnocentric to be critical of female circumcision? |
By definition, yes, but people in Ethiopia are also critical of it |
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Difference between genital circumcision and genital mutilation? |
Same act Power of words Prevents women from having children naturally |
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Why is female circumcision so offensive? |
We value choice and the right to make decisions for ourselves |
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How did Boge gain respect from her elders? |
Engaged in community conversation and came to an agreement with them on AIDs first and then the elders communicated that by telling others |
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Community conversation |
African tribal practice Sit under a tree and talk to meet a concensus |
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What does structure affect? |
Structure affects agency but the reverse is also true |
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Folkways |
Norm whose violation is not met with strong public disapproval
Example: Not writing 'thank you' cards |
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More (Mor-ay) |
Met with strong public disapproval |
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Positive sanctions |
Encourage good behavior, comply with social norms
Being rewarded with candy (kids)
Head nod, smile (adults) |
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Negative sanctions |
Failing to conform
Spanking, time out (kids)
Going to jail, isolating people, drawing back from a friendship |
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Ubiquitous |
All around, ever present |
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Symbolic Interactionism |
Use of symbols as communication by humans as they interact |
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Symbols |
Things that meaningfully represent something else
Examples: Written/spoken language, how we communicate, agree upon meaning - know what objects are |
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Micro-sociologists |
Don't take language for granted |
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Role-taking |
Ongoing process by which human interaction occurs
Pretend you are in the shoes of another
"I think he/she thinks that I am..." |
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Definition of the Situation (W.I. Thomas) |
Defining/redefining social situation based on process of role-taking (evaluating situation)
This dictates our next action - don't think about it; comes naturally |
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Georg Simmel (Quantitative Aspects of the Group, 1903) |
- German sociologist - Contemporary of Weber - First to study quantitative aspects (social geometry)
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Sociometry of groups |
"Shape" of the group
How many people
Structure of groups |
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Social Network Analysis |
Shows how people are networked in groups
Technology, social media rekindled interest in social networking |
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Dyad |
Mutual dependency/symmetry No mystery No politics
2 person group (couples and partners) |
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Triad |
Supra-individual control, secrets, and politics 3 + people |
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Mutual Dependency |
Dyad
Either member can end relationship (equal power) and group ceases to exist |
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Symmetry |
Dyad
One person controls the other Example: Master and a slave |
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Supra-individual Control |
Triad
Group continues to exist even if one person pulls out |
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Secrets |
Triad
Ability to conceal information Mystery or unknown |
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Politics |
Triad
Third person determines results Group interested --> Mediator --> Tries to resolve differences OR Self-interested --> Create wedge between A and B --> Awareness of role-playing |
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Embeddedness |
Groups fully embedded Every member is linked directly and indirectly Acquire information through weak rather than strong ties |
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6 Degrees of Separation (Stanley Milgram) |
"Friend of a friend who knows someone"
Random people are connected to random people by 6 degrees of separation |
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Stanley Milgram |
- Social psychologist - Went to Nebraska with 200 letters addressed to someone in Boston - Send to somebody who you think could get this to the person in Boston - 40% made it --> Average of 6 transfers (6 Degrees of Separation |
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Duncan Watts |
- Sociology and Computer Science - Studied "Small World" hypothesis using e-mail with people around the world - Milgram's argument applies around the globe by 6 degrees of separation or fewer |
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Small group |
Unifocal
4 or 5 people in a group but has one focus
Not specified roles |
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Parties |
Multifocal
Group keeps increasing
Several related groups multiple topics of discussion |
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Large groups |
Organizations (universities, banks)
More rules that govern how you interact
Hierarchy of command |
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Small group vs. Party |
Talked about by Georg Simmel |
