Exam 2

Front 1

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 1

difficulty in remembering events that
occurred before a specific trauma or disease.

Front 2

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 2

inability to remember events following an injury or disease

Front 3

3 Store Model of Memory

Back 3

Sensory, Short-term, Long-term memory

Front 4

Sensory

Back 4

Type of Information that is stored in a relatively raw
and unprocessed form.

Front 5

Short-term

Back 5

temporary storage of memory for 5-15 seconds or
even longer.

Front 6

Iconic Store

Back 6

visual sensory register; Eidetic imagery (photographic memory)

Front 7

Long-term

Back 7

Site of permanent memory
- Atkinson & Shiffrin suggest it’s encoded semantically in
terms of meaning

Front 8

Echoic

Back 8

auditory sensory memory

Front 9

Levels-of-processing

Back 9

Craik & Lockhart): Proposes
that there is one type of memory and that deeper (levels of)
processing results in longer-lasting memory codes.

Front 10

Multiple-Memory Model

Back 10

Explicit, Implicit
Declarative, Procedural
Semantic & Episodic

Front 11

Declarative (Explicit memory)

Back 11

remembering the rules of
tennis (scoring, rules..).

Front 12

Semantic Memory

Back 12

contains general knowledge that is not
tied to the time when the information was learned.

Front 13

Procedural Memory (Implicit Memory)

Back 13

is memory for
ACTIONS, SKILLS, & OPERATIONS.
“Knowing How”

Front 14

Episodic Memory

Back 14

WHEN events happened and the relationship
between events (personal experiences)

Front 15

ENCODING

Back 15

transformation of sensory input into a form that can
be used for storage of information

Front 16

STORAGE

Back 16

retention of information gained from encoding

Front 17

RETRIEVAL

Back 17

gaining access to the information stored in memory

Front 18

DECAY THEORY

Back 18

proposes that forgetting occurs due to the memory
trace fading with time due to lack of use.

Front 19

Retroactive Interference

Back 19

distant events can not be remembered
because the memory of more recent events interferes

Front 20

Proactive Interference

Back 20

difficulty in learning new material because
previously learned material keeps interfering with new learning

Front 21

SERIAL-ORDER-EFFECT

Back 21

what you learn first and retain best are those
items at the beginning & end of the list.

Front 22

Primacy Effect

Back 22

tendency to remember the first items

Front 23

Recency Effect

Back 23

tendency to remember the last items

Front 24

MNEMONIC DEVICES

Back 24

techniques used to help memorize items

Front 25

Massed Practice

Back 25

Cramming all of the studying in one period

Front 26

Distributed Practice

Back 26

learned over several sessions

Front 27

Serial Exhaustive Search

Back 27

check the test digit against all digits in the
positive set even if a match is found part way through the list

Front 28

Constructive Memory

Back 28

prior experience affects how we recall things and
what we actually recal

Front 29

Reconstructive Memory

Back 29

use of various strategies (searching for cues, drawing inferences)

Front 30

Autobiographical Memory

Back 30

memory for personal experiences from one’s life

Front 31

Reminiscence bump

Back 31

increase in memories between the ages of
18-24 years (for people 35 years and older).

Front 32

Compromised Memory

Back 32

blending of information in eyewitness testimony

Front 33

Misinformation Effect

Back 33

Post-event information changes eyewitness testimony

Front 34

Repressed Memories

Back 34

- There is no memory phenomenon called repression
- “Repression” is a CLINICAL TERM not a MEMORY TERM

Front 35

False Memory

Back 35

Remembring things quite differently from the way they originally occurred; remembering something that never occurred; there is no indication that a memory is distorted

Front 36

DUAL-CODE HYPOTHESIS

Back 36

(Paivio) two discrete codes for mentally
representing information. This suggests we represent some
information in nonverbal & analogue images (e.g., a person’s
face) and we represent other information in verbal & symbolic
forms

Front 37

Analogue Code

Back 37

mental images are an analogue code for physical
stimuli we observe in the environment.

Front 38

Symbolic Code

Back 38

use of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas (words &
combination of words)

Front 39

Propositional Hypothesis

Back 39

the meaning underlying a particular relationship
among concepts. Neither in words nor in images -> an abstraction

Front 40

Functional Equivalence Hypothesis

Back 40

Although visual imagery is
not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent
to it.

Front 41

mental rotation

Back 41

mentally rotating an perceived object in the mind

Front 42

Scaling

Back 42

Mentally change the dimensions/proportions of an image

Front 43

Cognitive Maps

Back 43

internal representation of the way our spatial
environment is arrayed particularly centering on spatial
relationships.

Front 44

Serial Recall

Back 44

Memory task involving repeating the items in a list in the exact order heard

Front 45

Free Recall

Back 45

Memory task involving repeating the items in a list in any order

Front 46

Cued Recall

Back 46

Memory task involving repeating memorizing a list of paired items, then when you are given one item in the pair, you must recall the mate for that item.