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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of bones?
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support, protection, storage of minerals, movements, blood cell production
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What are the 4 types of bones?
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long - humerous, femur
short irregular - sphenoid, vertebrae flat - scapula, sternum |
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What is the anatomy of a long bone?
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Periosteum, compact bone, endosteum, medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow, spongy bone, articullar cartilage, epiphysis and diaphysis
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What is the periosteum of the long bone?
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soft outside tiusse
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What does the compact bone do of a long bone
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adds strength in between layers
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What is the endosteum of a long bone?
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2nd soft tissue
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What is the medullary cavity?
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chamber of space with diapyhsis
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What does the spongy bone contain?
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contains red bone marrow?
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What is located in the epiphysis of the long bone?
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red bone marrow
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What is the long shaft of the long bone?
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diaphysis
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What is bone marrow?
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thick blood where new blood cells are made
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What are the 4 principle types of bone cells?
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Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast
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Which type of bone is a type of stem cells that continues to divide and form new osteogenic cells?
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Osteogenic
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Which bone cells are chosen to produce bone tissue and given a new name?
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Osteogenic
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Which bone cell is a former osteogenic cell that uses nutrients and other materials to create bone matrix?
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osteoblast
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Which bone cells activity lowers blood calcium levels and makes bones stronger
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osteoblast
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Which bone cell is trapped inside the matrix that they built
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osteocyte
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Which bone cell monitors the health of the bone and will call on osteoblasts when needed
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osteocyte
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Which bone cell frees calcium from bones and dissolves bone matrix to release calcium into the blood
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Osteoclast
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What is bone matrix?
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non living part of the bone.
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What is bone matrix made up of?
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hyroxyapatite
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What is hyroxyapatite?
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compound made up primarily of calcium and phosphate and provides strength
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What do collagen fibers do in the bone?
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provides flexability
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What can result if collagen fibers don't grow right
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rickets/osteomalacia
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What is the structural unit of compact bone?
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Osteon
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What is the arrangement of osteons?
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combination of cells arranged in concentric rings. It is cylindrical in shape and runs parralel to the bone
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What is lamella?
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rings of the matrix
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what is lucuna?
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chamber in which each osteocyte resides
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what is the canalicula?
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tunnels that connect the osteocyte with the central canal and each other
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What is bone marrow?
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soft tissue
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what is yellow bone marrow made up of?
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adipose
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What is the definition of a joint?
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articulations - two bones join each other
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What are the 2 ways to classify joints?
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Function and structures
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What are the 3 ways joints move?
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Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
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What are the major categories of joints?
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Fribrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
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sutures, gomphoses, and syndemoses
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Which type of movement of the joint offers little to no movement, example skull, bone
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synarthroses
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Which type of movement has come movement? example: vertebrae on top of each other?
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amphiarthroses
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Which type of movement of joints are freely moveable? example: knees, elbows
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diarthroses
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What are the two types of cartilagnous joints?
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synchondroses and symphsis
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What is an example of synchondroses? and how is it attached?
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ribs attached to sternum, and hyaline
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What is an exampole of symphysis?
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bones joined by fiber cartilage, coxae to coxae
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What are synovial joints?
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bones not pined by fiber or cartilage
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What is the joint that has space between the bones that contains synovial fluid?
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synovial joints
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What are the six types of synovial joints?
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ball and socket, condyloid, saddle joints, gliding, hinge, pivot joints
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What are six types of movement of joints?
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flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
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What is flexion?
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Flexion is movement of joint in which the angle between 2 sets of bones decrease
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What is extension?
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movement in which the angle betwen 2 sets of bones increase
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What is abduction?
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movement away from the midline of the body
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What is adduction?
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movement towards the body
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What is circumduction?
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making a circular motion. Proximal end of bone stays stationary whereas distal end remains
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What is rotation?
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twisting
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What is the function of muscles
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Movement of the skeleton, communication, moving materials through passages, heat production
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What is outside of the muscle called?
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fascia/epimysium
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Inside a cut muscle are long tubes lined up next to each other, what are these called?
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fascicle
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inside each fascicle is another tube called?
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muscle cells, also called muscle fiber.
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Inside muscle cells are more fibers called?
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myofibril
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Inside the myofibrils are fibers called?
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Myofilaments
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What is contraction of a muscle?
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when the muscle cells shorten and cause movement to occur
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Are muscles capable of pushing?
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no
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What is relaxation?
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when muscles cells lengthen and release tension (isotonic)
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What role does the brain play in muscle movement?
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where decisions for contracting and relaxing takes place, sends electrical waves to specific muscles to stimular contraction
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What are neurons?
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nervous tissue cells that are used to carry electrical signals within the body
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What is the combination of neuron and muscle cells called?
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neuromuscular junction
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What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?
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sarcolemma
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What does the sarcolemma contain?
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acetyocholine receptors
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What is the muscle cell made up of?
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sarcolemma, transverse tubules (t-tubes), sarcolasmic reticulum (smooth ER), actin, tropomyosin and troponin, myosin
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What is the tunnel that passes from 1 side of the muscle to the other?
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T-Tubes
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What is the smooth ER of a muscle cell?
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Where do calcium ions get stored?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What are long twisted chains of proteins known as the thin filament called?
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actin
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What is a protein string that covers up special spots on each actin in the chain?
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tropomyosin
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What is the protein that moves tropomyosin off those special spots?
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troponin
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What protein group is surrounded by actins?
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myosin
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how does the sliding filament theory work?
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see special card
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What is the process of relaxation?
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brain sends signal to quit contracting, the Acetylcholinerase attack and move out the Ach. This stops the muscle from excited.
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What is the definition of motor unit?
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a neuron and all of the muscles cells it is capable of stimulating
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What is the strength of a contraction based on?
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the # of motor units being used.
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if you use a neuron, all of the cells connected to it will contract, true or false?
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true
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Having multiple motor units allows for?
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varying strengths of contraction.
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What is an advantage of having multiple motor units?
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doesn't place the whole muscle at risk if the single, controlling neuron is damaged.
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What is another advantage of having multiple motor units?
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allows the muscle to use motor units in shifts which prolongs fatigue.
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What controls the differnce between fine control of muscles and coarse control?
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motor unit size
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What are two types of contraction?
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isotonic and isometric
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What is the type of contraction that the length of the cells changes but the tone of the cells remain constant?
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isotonic
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What is muscle tone?
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amount of tension in the cells when they are at rest.
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What 2 types of isotonic contraction requires movement?
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concentric and eccentric phase.
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What happens during concentric phase?
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cells shorten
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What happens during eccentric phase?
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cells lengthen
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What is the type of contraction that the length of the cells remain constant but the tone changes
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isometric
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Which type of neuron carries signals from CNS to PNS and outbound messages
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motor neuron
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Which type of neuron is found in CNS only and is used for storing information and sometimes connection of a sensory to motor
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interneurons
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What is the anatomy of a motor neuron?
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dendrites, soma, axon
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What part of a motor neuron has branches of the soma that send signals to the soma?
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dendrites
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Which part of a motor neuron receives dendrites info
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soma
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What is an axon?
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long extension off the soma that carries signals away to another structure.
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What is the trigger zone where soma becomes the axon, where a new electrical signal will begin?
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axon hillock
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What is a synaptic knob?
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widened end of the axon branches
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What does the synaptic knobs contains?
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neurotransmitters for communicating with other structures.
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What is a type of support cells for neurons that wrap themselves around some nueurons axons?
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schwann cell
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What do schwann cells and ligodentrocytes produce?
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several layers of myelin around the axons.
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What does myelin do?
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insulates the axon for electrical singls and makes the axon faster at carrying signals.
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What do Schwann cells produce which provides a path for healing if an axon is damages?
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neurolemma
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What are the types of neuroglia?
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oligodentrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells and satellite cells
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What nervous system is the oligodentrocytes found?
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in Central Nervous System *CNS
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What type of neuroglia produces myelin around nueron axons?
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oligodendrocytes
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Which type of neuroglia produces cerebral spinal fluid?
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ependymal cells
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What type of neuroglia cells is a type of white blood cell?
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microgalia
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What type of meuroglia creates the blood/brain barrier?
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atrocytes
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What type of cell produces myeline and neurilemma around neuron axons?
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schwann cells
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What nervous system are Schwann Cells found?
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in PNS
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What are the three principal functions of the CNS?
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way to get signal from PNS to the brain and back again.
locomotion and reflexes |
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What are reflexes?
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automatic, involuntary, fast, sterotypical
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How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
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31
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What allows pts for neurons to enter or exit spinal cord?
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spinal nerve pairs
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What is surrounded by meninges?
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spinal nerve pairs
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What are 3 layers of tissue called?
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meninges
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What is the outer most layer of the meninges called?
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duramater
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What is the 2nd layer of meninges called?
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arachnoid
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What is the third layer of meninges called?
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pia mater
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What is muscle fatigue?
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progressive weaknews and loss of contracility that results fro mprolonged use of muscles
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What are some causes of muscle fatigue?
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ATP production is decreased, lactic acid lowers Ph in muscles and slows enzymes, runs out of Ach.
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Name the 3 systems that muscles use to get ATP
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Phosphogen, Aerobic, Glyocen/lactic acid
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Which system provides immediate ATP and activity and allows for strongest and fastest activites?
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phosphogen system
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What is a problem with the phospogen system?
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stored ATP only lasts about 10 seconds
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Which systems uses glucose and ferments it to make ATP
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Glycogen/Lactic Acid system
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What does the fermentation of glucose produce
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lactic acid
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What is a quick way to make ATP, which system?
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Glycogen/Lactic acid
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Which system has less strength and speed and is not very efficient (2-4 atp for every glucose
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Glycogen/Lactic acid
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Which system lasts 1.5 - 2 minutes at high level of fitness
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glycogen/lactic acid
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Whis system uses glucose an doxygen to make ATP and produces CO2
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aerobic system
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which system has even less strength and speed and is very effiecient at producing ATP (36-68) atp/glucose
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Aerobic system
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What is muscle growth due to?
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increase in # of myocin and active filaments
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What is the function of the nervous sytem?
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storage of information and communication
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What are the parts of the nervous system?
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CNS, PNS, Somatic and Autonomic
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What is contained in the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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What is contained in the Peripheral Nervous system
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nerve cells and rest of body
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What is contained in the somatic nervous system?
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nerve cells that we have control over
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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involuntary
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What are two types of autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic
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Which nervous sysstem prepares you for action and stimulates the heart eyes, brain, muscles
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Which nervous system inhibits digestive system, urinary and reproduction systems
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Which nervous system is rest and digest?
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parasympathetic.
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Which nervous system lowers activity, stimulates digestive and happens when sleeping after meal?
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parasympathetic
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What are three types of neurons?
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sensory, interneurons, motor neurons
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Which neuron carries signals from the PNS to CNS
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sensory neuron
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Which neuron carries signals from the CNS to PNS
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motor neurons
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Motor axons contain what matter?
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gray matter
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Sensory axons contains what matter
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white matter
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Where are the dorsal horns located on the spinal cord
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back
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What is the dorsal root ganglion
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a branch of spinal nerves that enters the spoinal cord on its dorsal side, composed of sensory fibers
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The dorsal root ganglion is comprised of what matter?
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white matter
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Gray matter is located on what side of the spinal cord
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ventral
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What shape are Eurthrocytes
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discoid
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Where are eyrthrocytes produced?
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in red bone marrow
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how long do eyrthrocutes live?
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about 120 days
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What is the function of eyrthrocytes?
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carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
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Does eyrthrocytes have a nucleous
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no
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each red blood cell contains how many molecules of hemoglobin?
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280,000,000
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What is hemoglobin?
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protein made up of parts
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What are the parts of hemoglobin
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heme and globin
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how many heme in hemoglobin
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4
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What is a type of protein in hemoglobin?
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globin
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What is the function of globin?
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carries some carbon dioxide
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What is heme converted into during destruction
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biliverdin, then bilirubin, then bile. All happens in the liver
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What are WBC called?
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leukocytes
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Where are leukocytes produced?
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red bone marrow
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What do luekocytes play a role in?
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defense
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What are two types of leukocytes?
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granulocytes and agranulocytes
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Which type of leukocyte has many lobes and is called polymorphonucleic
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granulocytes
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That are the three types of granulocytes
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netrophils, eosinophils and basophils
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Which granulocyte contains 60-70% of all wbc
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neutrophils
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Which granulocytes contain 2-4% of all wbc
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eosinophils
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Which granulocyte is the least common of wbc
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basophils
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Which granulocyte attacks bacteria
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neutrophil
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What does eosinophils fight in the wbc?
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allergens and parasitic worms
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Which type of granulocyte stains more purpose
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basophils
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Which type of granulocyte secretes histamine and heparin
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basophils
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What is heparin
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anticoagulant
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Name 2 types of agranulcytes?
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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What are two types of lymphocytes?
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T cells and B cells
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What do T cells attack?
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cancer cells, viruses and foreign cells.
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What do B cells produce?
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antibodies
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Which type of agranulocyte contains 3-8% of wbc
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monocytes
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which type of agranulocyte become dendric cells, microglia, dust cells in lungs, macrophages?
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monocytes
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Which type of agranulocyte cleanup debris of the virus after a defense has taken place
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monocyte
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Which element of bloock produced in red bone barrow and is part of the clotting process?
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platelets
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what is anoter name for platelets
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thrombocytes
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What is the function of the heart
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circulate blood
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What is the right side of the heart called?
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pulmonary side
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What is the left side of the heart called?
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systemic
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What does the right side of the heart collect?
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deoxygentated blod from the body and sends it to the lungs to get reoxygenated
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What does the left side of the heart collect?
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oxygenated blood from lungs and send to the body
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What are the two structures of the heart?
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pericardiam and heart wall
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What is the double layered membrane sack around the heart?
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pericardium
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What is the outside layer of the pericardium called?
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parietal layer
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what is the inside layer of the pericardium called?
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visceral layer
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Why is there fluid between the parietal and visceral layer of the heart?
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to beat w/o friction, protects heart and surrounding organs, isolates infection from the heart
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall
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endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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Which layer of the heart wall is the middle layer and has thcik muscle tissue
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myocardium
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What layer of the heart lines outside of heart and is same as visceral layer
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Epicardium
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What layer of the heart lines the chambers of the heart?
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endocardium
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