Exam #2

Front 1

What would one use genetic engineering?

Back 1

Change genes for practical purposes. Producing crops, livestock, insulin, etc...

Front 2

Recombinant DNA

Back 2

Combining DNA of two organisms.

Front 3

What is a plasmid?

Back 3

DNA

Front 4

What is a vector?

Back 4

A carrier for a gene to be cloned

Front 5

What is the purpose of a restriction enzyme?

Back 5

To cut the DNA
-protects from foreign DNA

Front 6

Steps in cloning a gene

Back 6

1.Get plasmid DNA
2. Get DNA with the gene you want
3. Cut plasmid DNA w/ restriction enzyme
4. mix plasmid & DNA
5. Makes recombinant DNA
6. recombinant DNa is taken up by a bacterial cell
7. Bacterial cell reproduces to form a clone of cells

Front 7

Nucleic acid probes

Back 7

stick to the gene you want by base pairing (A-T, C-G)
ex. DNA chips

Front 8

In what organism are most genetically created medications made?

Back 8

Bacteria

Front 9

* What is DNA fingerprinting? How does it work and why is it used?

Back 9

Looking at pieces of someone's DNA to compare individuals

Front 10

*What is cloning and how is it done?

Back 10

-Making an exact copy of an organism
-Take the DNA of who they want to clone & put it into a FERTILIZED EGG (take out existing DNA)
-Let it reproduce
-Will grow up to be exactly the same as the animal that was cloned, but will likely die younger.

Front 11

If a normal sheep has 40 chromosomes, how many came from each parent?

Back 11

20

Front 12

How many genetic parents does a cloned animal have?

Back 12

One

Front 13

Could you use the DNA in an egg or sperm to make a clone?

Back 13

No, because it's only 1/2 of your DNA

Front 14

Evolution

Back 14

- Change over time.

Front 15

* What is natural selection?

Back 15

Scientific theory for HOW evolution happened

Front 16

*Which one is a theory?

Back 16

Natural selection (A LOT of evidence)

Front 17

*What are the forms of evidence to show that evolution has happened?

Back 17

Fossils, homologous/similar structures, embryology, genetic similarities
(FHEG)

Front 18

Fossils

Back 18

-used to compare the past and today to see changes / similarities.
Ex. Whale evolution

Front 19

*How do scientists believe that whales evolved?

Back 19

-Lost their legs, nasal drift, hearing aids
(probably a mutation)

Front 20

*What is a homologous structure?

Back 20

-Body parts that are similar in different animals.
ex. Humans and monkeys

Front 21

*What is an analogous structure?

Back 21

Species who are not related but have similar features.
-serve similar functions but do not have the same structure.
Ex. Bats, flies, birds.

Front 22

*Which is evidence for evolution and relationships between organisms?
Homologous structure or analogous?

Back 22

Homologous structures

Front 23

Embryology

Back 23

Looking at embryos of different animals to see how similar & different they are.

Front 24

Genetic similarities

Back 24

-Comparing DNA & RNA sequences to find similarities & differences.

Front 25

*How is DNA similar in all organisms?

Back 25

ALL LIVING THINGS share the same set of nucleotides: ATCG in DNA, AUCG in RNA
- same set of codons for the same amino acids

Front 26

What can we look at to find the difference in DNA?

Back 26

-SEQUENCE of nucleotides

Front 27

*How similar is our DNA to each other (human to human)?

Back 27

99.9%

Front 28

*How similar is human DNA to that of a chimpanzee?

Back 28

Humans & chimps are 98% of the same DNA.

Front 29

Which animal is most closely related to humans? Which animal is least closely related to humans?

Back 29

Gorilla.
Frog.

Front 30

The closer an organism is in classification to another organism...

Back 30

the closer they are related
- means they share a common ancestor in the not so distant past

Front 31

Three categories of Phylogenetic Tree of Life

Back 31

Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya
(Humans in Eucarya)

Front 32

Is evolution a theory?

Back 32

No

Front 33

Is natural selection a theory?

Back 33

Yes

Front 34

How is a theory in science different from a theory in everyday life?

Back 34

A scientific theory can be supported by repeated evidence.

Front 35

*Four "shuns" of Natural Selection:

Back 35

-Genetic Variation
-Overproduction of offspring
-Competition
-Differential survival + reproduction

Front 36

Genetic variation

Back 36

Natural variations or differences in populations
-inherited through DNA b/c of MEIOSIS & sexual reproduction
-variations occur occasionally because of mutations

Front 37

Overproduction of offspring

Back 37

Most individuals can make more babies than can survive in their habitat.

Front 38

Competition

Back 38

Too many animals being born than can survive causes competition.
-Compete over: space, food, water, shelter, mates, etc.

Front 39

Differential survival & reproduction

Back 39

Whomever is best matched with their environment will survive longer, those who survive longer can reproduce.
-passes their DNA to the next gen. so the best traits are those that get passed on.
-Good traits/genes increase in frequency

Front 40

How many kingdoms of life are there?

Back 40

6

Front 41

Kingdoms of Life

Back 41

Platae
Aninmalia
Fungi
Protista
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria

Front 42

*Naming organisms

Back 42

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 43

*Three domains

Back 43

Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

Front 44

Eukarya

Back 44

Kingdoms
_________
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

Front 45

Which domains contain bacteria?

Back 45

Archaebacteria & Eucbacteria

Front 46

Which domain contains animals?

Back 46

Eukarya

Front 47

Species

Back 47

Group of natural populations that can breed.
(Used to say any organism that can breed within a species, but now we know wolves&dogs can breed = hybrids)

Front 48

Which is the largest grouping of LIVING THINGS?

Back 48

Domain

Front 49

Which is the smallest, most specific grouping of living things?

Back 49

Species

Front 50

Prokaryotes:

Back 50

do not have a nucleus

Front 51

Three things about Eubacteria and Archabacteria

Back 51

1. All are SINGLE CELLED PROKARYOTES.
2. Almost all have CELL WALLS.
3. Reproduce by FISSION (like mitosis or cloning).

Front 52

*Domain Eubacteria

Back 52

-Cell wall = peptidoglycan.
-Genes have NO introns.
-Proteins made differently.

Front 53

*Domain Archaebacteria

Back 53

-Most similar to us *
- Have a cell wall with NO peptidoglycan.

-extreme and OLD bacteria
- Genes HAVE introns
- Proteins are made like in eukaryotes
- DNA wrapped around proteins like us.

Front 54

Which live in harsh environments like salt ponds and cow guts?

Back 54

Archaebacteria

Front 55

To which organisms are we most closely related?

Back 55

Archaebacteria

Front 56

Domain Eukarya
contains _ kingdoms

Back 56

4.
Plantae, Protista, Animalia, Fungi

Front 57

Domain Eukarya

Back 57

-Genes HAVE introns
-Some are MULTICELLULAR, some unilinear.
-Some have cell walls, some don't.
-All are eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus).

Front 58

Domain Eukarya
KINGDOM PROTISTA.
The "trash can" kingdom."

Back 58

Single and multicellular
Genes HAVE introns
Some are photosynthetic, some aren't.
ex. Algae

Front 59

Are algae plants?

Back 59

No.

Front 60

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi

Back 60

-Single & multicellular
*Cells have cell walls of Chitin
-Genes HAVE introns.
-Hyphae dissolve food externally & bring it in.

Front 61

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae

Back 61

-Genes HAVE introns.
-Multicellular, plant cells.
-Photosynthetic: make own food.
-Cell walls of cellulose

Front 62

Shared characteristics of animals?

Back 62

Reproduce
Eat
Animal cells

Front 63

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia

Back 63

Multicellular
Made of ANIMAL cells
Heterotrophs (eat food).
Genes HAVE introns.
Use oxygen to make ATP (energy).

Front 64

Phyla in Kingdom Animalia

Back 64

38 animals iin phyla, but most species are found in the TOP 9 PHYLA.

Front 65

Which animal phylum contains sponges?

Back 65

Porifera

Front 66

Platyhelminthes = Flatworms.

Back 66

*First to have organ system
ex. tape worms, can do asexual reproduction

Front 67

Annelida

Back 67

-Bodies are segmented (divided into sections).
-*First phylum with a developed digestive system-mouth, "stomach"

Front 68

Which animal phylum is the first to have a complete digestive system?

Back 68

Annelida

Front 69

Do mollusks have shells?

Back 69

No

Front 70

Arthropoda=crustaceans + insects

Back 70

*Largest animal phylum, over 80% of all animals on planet are arthopods, over 1 million species.

Front 71

Which is the largest animal phylum?

Back 71

Arthropoda

Front 72

Chordata (vetebrates) = animals with backbones

Back 72

99% of animals with backbones

Front 73

Which phylum contains reptiles?

Back 73

Chordata

Front 74

What is true about all chordrichthyes?

Back 74

The breathe through gills

Front 75

Mammals

Back 75

*All produce milk for their young.
-breathe through lungs, have hair, almost all have live birth

Front 76

Orders in Class Mammalia

Back 76

Order Rodentia (rodents)
Order Carnivora (bears,lions,wolves)
Order Cetacea (whales & dolphins)
Order Primates (apes, gorillas,humans)

Front 77

In what CLASS are humans?

Back 77

Mammals

Front 78

In what ORDER are humans?

Back 78

Primates.

Front 79

In what GENUS are humans?

Back 79

Homo sapiens

Front 80

EVERY LIVING THING HAS INTRONS...

Back 80

EXCEPT EUBACTERIA

Front 81

Two phlya (divisions) for Plants

Back 81

Angiosperm & gynosperm