Exam 2

Front 1

White Collar Deviance
"Sutherland"

Back 1

- Crime committed by the "upper class, white collar class, which is composed of respectable, or at least respected business men"
- Also includes corporations participating in deviant activities

Front 2

Corporate Deviance

Back 2

- it is carried out for the benefit for the company or an individual. 4 major types of deviance:
- against employees
- against customers
- against the government
- against the environment

Front 3

Occupational Deviance

Back 3

White collar crime committed by employees by the individual gain is usually less costly than that committed by corporations, but still far more costly than street crimes

Front 4

Embezzlement

Back 4

Stealing of money; costs as much as 27.2 billion dollars in one year

Front 5

Underprivileged deviance

Back 5

deviance among the relatively poor and powerless; this form of deviance is less profitable and more disreputable than white collar deviance

Front 6

Crime Rate Trends

Back 6

Robbery
- More frequent in big cities
- More common among strangers
- More frequent in cold winter months
- More frequently occurs indoors(%60)
- Most robberies are armed
- More robbers are relatively young
- More interracial than other crimes

Front 7

Skye and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization Theory

Back 7

- Evolved from Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory, which claims that deviant behavior involves learning:
(a) techniques of committing crimes
(b) motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes favorable to the violation of law

Front 8

Skye and Matza's Continued

Back 8

Delinquents feel a sense of guilt or shame
Delinquents frequently admire and respect law-abiding people
Delinquents often draw a sharp line between those who can be victimized and those who cannot
It is doubtful that many juvenile delinquents are totally immune from the demands for conformity made by the dominant social order

Front 9

Durkheim

Back 9

Organic Vs. Mechanical Solidarity

Front 10

Mechanical Solidarity

Back 10

Society: Small, rural, non-industrial, homogeneous
Law: Low (disputes handled informally)
Punishment: Harsh, focused on body
Social Solidarity:Collective conscience

Front 11

Organic Solidarity

Back 11

Society: Large, urban, industrial, heterogeneous
Law: High
Punishment: Rehabilitative and restitutive, focused on mind
Social Solidarity: Division of labor and law

Front 12

Typology of Social Control

Back 12

Informal
- Interpersonal relationships and group living
Medical
- Behavior more generally
Law
- Law and Legal Systems

Front 13

Hirschi and Gottfredson's Four types of Sanctions

Back 13

Natural sanctions
- Natural environment
Social sanctions
- Product of human society
Legal sanctions
- State/CJ system
Supernatural sanctions
- Belief in sanctions after death

Front 14

Weber

Back 14

- Power
- Domination
- Authority

Front 15

Weber's Types of Legitimate Authority

Back 15

- Legal-Rational Authority
- Traditional Authority
- Charismatic Authority

Front 16

Power

Back 16

The ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance

Front 17

Domination

Back 17

The probability that a command with a specific content will be carried out by a given group of people (can be economic domination or domination by authority)

Front 18

Authority

Back 18

The justifiable right to exert power

Front 19

Legal-Rational Authority

Back 19

is a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules.

Front 20

Traditional Authority

Back 20

is based on appeals to the past and/or a long established way of doing things.

Front 21

Charismatic Authority

Back 21

is based on the “supernatural” appeal of an individual leader.

Front 22

Informal Social Control

Back 22

all those mechanisms and practices of ordinary, everyday life whereby group pressures to conform are brought to bear against the individual

Front 23

Agents of Socialization

Back 23

- The Family
- The Community
- Peers
- School
- Work
- Religion
- Mass Media

Front 24

Asch Experiment

Back 24

Conformity of Group
- Questioning one's own judgment
- Fear of disapproval

Front 25

Milgram's Experiment

Back 25

1963: More than 50% of participants were willing to administer a potentially lethal shock when prompted to do so by an authority figure.
In a recent recreation of the experiment, social scientists found similar results.

Front 26

Medical Social Control

Back 26

the ways in which medicine functions (wittingly or unwittingly) to secure adherence to social norms – specifically, by using medical means to minimize, eliminate, or normalize deviant behavior

Front 27

Medicalized Society

Back 27

Early, pre-modern societies (before 1600s) viewed deviants as sinful or ignorant
Early modern societies (1600s-mid 1800s) viewed deviants as bad (either genetics or choice)
Late modern and postmodern societies (mid 1800s-present) view deviants as sick

Front 28

Medicalization

Back 28

a process by which (previously) non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders

Front 29

DSM

Back 29

First edition published in 1952; currently in its 4th edition; new one due in 2012

The DSM is NOT a legal document; it was intended to be a descriptive reference material for diagnostics
However, it has become a psychiatrist’s bible and no insurance company will fund care or medication (related to mental health) without a specific diagnosis code (296.34, severe depression with psychotic features)

It was not created in a vacuum and has shown to be subject to political and cultural influence
Example: Homosexuality

Front 30

Diagnosis

Back 30

False positive = when something is considered present (like a disease) when in fact it is not present; a statistical error

Even normal behavior counts as craziness in an environment capable only of interpreting disordered behavior

Front 31

Incarceration and the War on Drugs

Back 31

1980: 40,000 incarcerated in jail or prison for a drug offense
2009: 500,000 incarcerated in jail or prison for a drug offense
1100% increase
The number of people incarcerated for a drug offense in 2009 is greater than the number incarcerated for all offenses in 1980.

Front 32

Prohibition

Back 32

Legal system under which the production, supply and use (or possession) of a list of specified drugs is proscribed by law and subject to punitive sanction

Front 33

Decriminalization

Back 33

De jure
- Prohibition with civil penalties
- Partial prohibition
De facto
- Prohibition with cautioning and/or diversion schemes
- Prohibition with an expediency principle

Front 34

Legalization

Back 34

Regulated Legalization
Free Market Legalization

Front 35

Regulated Legalization

Back 35

- A range of regulatory controls are deployed covering drug production and trade, product, gatekeepers of supply, and user.
- Some drugs, preparations, and activities may remain prohibited.
- U.S. example: prescription drugs, over the counter drugs, alcohol, tobacco, ‘medical’ marijuana in some states

Front 36

Free Market Legalization

Back 36

- Drugs are legal and available for essentially unrestricted sale in the ‘free market’, like other consumer goods.
- U.S. example: caffeinated drinks
- Only endorsed as model for all drugs by very few

Front 37

Heroin Maintenance Programs

Back 37

Harm reduction
Successful in the few countries that have tried it
Switzerland, Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark, Canada, Great Britain