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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetic Transfer
- Conjugation |
transfer of DNA using a pilis
DNA is carried by F plasmid |
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Prion
Functions |
converts alpha helixes --> beta sheets
are spongiform encephalopathies de-natured when prion makes contact it multiplies difficult to kill proteinaceous infectious particles |
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Operon
-Promoter |
binds RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (needs template, attaches to promoter, stops @ termination site, no proofreading) |
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RNA polymerase
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needs template,
attaches to promoter- binds to DNA, stops @ termination site- RNA stops no proofreading moves along and makes complement strand |
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DNA polymerase
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adds nucleotides to growing strand
proofreads requires a template and primer strand |
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Genetic transfer
-Transformation |
transfer of naked DNA from solution
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phage SYNTHESIS
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synthesis of phage protein and DNA
viral proteins and DNA are synthesized and assembled into virons |
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ribosomes
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release amino acids into cell
moves mRNA down one codon @ a time A site, P site, E site |
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operon
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cluster of related genes all controlled by single operator
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RNA/DNA animal virus replication
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attachment to cell wall via specific receptors
penetration of virus -endocytosis -fusion of viral envelope with plasma membrane, fuses into host cell membrane uncoating of viral DNA into DNA coat synthesis of viral proteins and DNA are synthesized and assembly of intact virus released by budding or lysis |
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penetration of DNA/RNA virus
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-endocytosis
-fusion of viral envelope with plasma membrane, fuses into host cell membrane |
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uncoating of DNA/RNA virus
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uncoating of viral DNA trapped into DNA coat
coat = uncoat the DNA |
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Attachment of a virus
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attachment to host cell wall via specific receptors
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virus replication of bacteriophage
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attachment
penetration synthesis assembly release |
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phage penetration
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phage injects the host cell with DNA
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release
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host cells lysis or budding
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replication
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sequence of bases that can be re-assembled
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retrovirus replication
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attachment
penetration uncoating- reverse transcriptase of RNA --> DNA -integration of viral DNA into host DNA using viral integrase synthesis assembly release |
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retrovirus
-uncoating |
viral RNA--> viral DNA using reverse transcriptase
-takes single stranded RNA and makes it a double DNA integration of viral DNA -provirus into host DNA using viral integrase |
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assembly
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spontaneous assembly of intact virus
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Operon
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structural genes
enzyme products |
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genetic transfer
-transduction |
transfer of DNA by virus
during assembly phage carrying bacterial DNA injects new host cell |
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two component system
- sensor protein |
also a kinase
-gene expression |
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tRNA
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transfers amino acids to ribosomes
one side fits, other compliments tRNA-->mRNA |
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bacteria have mobile genes
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good to know
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genetic transfer
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transformation
transduction transposons conjugation *via mutation, bacteria -->gets bigger, 2,4,8,16... take DNA from the enviroment |
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bio tech
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organism 1 gets plugged into organism 2
organism 2 can code for product 1 |
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Dynein man
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attaches to the virus and walks down microtubule to the nuclear pore
-capsid left behind |
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transcription
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DNA---> RNA
needs DNA template strand stops @ termination mRNA codons tRNA anticodons Protein- amino acids |
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lysogenic
-penetration |
-integration of phage DNA into bacterial chromosome as a phage
- bacteria divide normally -induction phase DNA is excised from host |
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prions
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infectious agents (proteinaceous)
made purely from protein -no DNA or RNA |
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structure of a virus
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-Core, contains DNA/RNA
-capsid, protein coat, attachment to cell wall -(envelope) has a phospolipid bilayer |
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two component system
-response regulator |
regulates response to signal cytoplasm
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Classification of a virus
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bacterial
plant animal, RNA DNA retrovirus |
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what is a codon
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sequence of 2 nucleotide that codes for a amino acid
*only 20 amino acids |
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prion disease characteristics
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-confined to CNS
-memory loss -progressive, fatal -prolonged incubation period |
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viruses do not divide or multiply
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they replicate
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DNA genes code for
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specific amino acids
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Enzyme synthesis
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1. enzyme activity- enzyme is made but not making the product
2. enzyme synthesis- -translation- make transcript but does not regulate -transcription- regulates |
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introns and exons
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introns are non coding
exons code mRNA cuts introns and exons and RNA gets spliced in |
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how can protein be infectious
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agents get in, replicate and goes out to infect another
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PCR
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polymerase chain reaction
*amplify to make more DNA *needs a primer |
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gene
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sequence of bases in DNA that code for a product
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how is a gene expressed?
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when product is made
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DNA polymerase
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-needs a primer
-adds nucleotides to growing strand *proofreads, if there is a misfit, cuts it out and replaces it -very accurate |
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genetic transfer
-transposons |
jumping genes
segment of DNA that can be cut, spliced into another DNA |
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mutation
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change in a sequence of DNA
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what is a polymerase
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enzyme
makes copies of DNA |
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point change
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mutation
-change one base |
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frameshift
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mutation
-change reading frame inserts or deletes a base |
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translation
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RNA--> protein
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replication
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DNA --> DNA
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operon
-inducer |
inducer binds to the repressor
-inactivates repressor, molecule that needs to be broken down |
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operon
-repressor |
synthesized by regulator gene
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operon
-inducer system steps |
lactose breaks down
binds to operator overlaps operator and promoter gets rid of repressor away you go |
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virus are?
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-very small
-have no ribosomes - do not generate ATP -take over and metabolize nucleolic acids |
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operon
-operator |
bound by the repressor to operator
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routes of transmission for prion
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-can be inherited
-transplacental -ingested -latrogenic |
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important phage in medicine
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-carry toxin genes
-used as antibacterials -eliminate listeria on meats |
