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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensation
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activation of sensory receptors by physical energy
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perception
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how brain organizes and interprets sensory info
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sensory receptors
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specialized neurons send message to the brain (located in eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds)
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synesthesia
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sensory info is processed in wrong cortical area (info interpreted as more than one sense, tasting words)
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absolute threshold
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least amt. of energy detected
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difference threshold
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smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
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subliminal stimuli
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below conscious awareness, below 50% detection
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sensory adaptation
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sensory receptors fatigue less response to stimulus
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visual saccades
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tiny eye movements that prevent sensory adaptation
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habituation
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brain stops paying attention to constant stimuli
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what is brightness measured in?
what is color measured in? |
amplitude
wavelength |
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fovea
optic nerve iris pupil |
max. sharpness, center of retina
axons leave retina to visual corte color muscle around pupil hole that admits light |
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retina
what do the ganglion cells and bipolar cells do? |
light sensitive in back of eye
they refine vision |
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trichromatic theory
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patterns of activity in 3 different types of color perception.
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what is wavelength measured in?
what is amplitude measured in? |
hertz (waves per second)
decibles |
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pinna
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outer ear
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tympanic membrane
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ear drum
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cochlea
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filled with fluid
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what is the process of sound transduction?
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eardrum to hammer to anvil to stirrup to cochlea
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what is the olfactory path (taste)?
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olfactory receptors to neural impulse to olfactory nerve to olfactory bulbs
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what are the three somesthetic senses?
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skin, kinesthetic, and vestibular
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nociceptors
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free nerve endings in skin
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gate control theory
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gates in spinal cord. open is when nociceptors activate. closed is when nonnociceptors activate. brain creates pain.
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sensory conflict theory
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visual info conflicts with vestibular info (dizzy, nausea)
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gestalt principles
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figure-ground. reversible. group proximity. group similarity. group continuity. group connectedness. group closure. contiguity.
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figure-ground
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see objects standing out from surroundings
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reversible figures
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figure and ground can be reversed
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group proximity
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group objects based on nearness to each other
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group similarity
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group similar objects
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group continuity
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perceive continuous patterns, not broken up
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group connectedness
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spots, lines, areas connected to be one unit
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group closure
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fill in gaps to complete figures
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contiguity
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two things close in time are related (thunder and lightening)
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what are the monocular cues?
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linear perspective (lines converge in distance). relative size (smaller are farther away). interposition (blocking is bigger). relative clarity (foggy is far). texture gradient (surface smoother w distance). motion parallax (close objects faster). accomodation (change thickness in eyelense).
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binocular cues
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retinal disparity (images from two eyes differ). convergence (eyes converge when objects come closer)
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autokinetic effect
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small light in dark room appears to drift because there is no surrounding clues
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stroboscopic motion
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rapid series of still pics appear in motion
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phi phenomenon
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light on in sequence appears to move
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behaviorism
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john watson (focus on behavior)
bf skinner (reward/punish) |
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associative learning
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learning that events occur together
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conditioning
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process of learning associations
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classical conditioning
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associate 2 stimuli and anticipate events
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operant conditioning
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response and consequence, guides future behavior
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acquisition
extinction spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization |
initial stage of learning
gradual weakening of cr reappearance of extinct response respond to stimuli similar to cs |
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stimulus discrimination
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learn to distinguish between two similar stimuli
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observational learning
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learn behavior by watching someone else
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prosocial behavior
antisocial behavior |
beneficial, constructive, reduce fear
detrimental, destructive, stereotyping |
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What do you need for observational learning? AMIM
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attention
memory imitation motivation |
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mirror neurons
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activate when you see someone doing something, same neurons that activate when you do that behavior
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long term potentiation
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activation in post synaptic cell, conditioned fear (snakes, spiders)
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law of effect
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probability of behavior increases if rewarded
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reinforcement
positive negative |
increases prob of behavior
gain of positive event subtraction of negative event |
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partial reinforcement
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part of the time (slot machine)
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continuous reinforcement
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every time (coke machine)
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fixed ratio
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reinforces response only after exact number of responses
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variable ratio
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reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses
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fixed interval (cookies in oven)
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reinforced by time elapsed
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variable interval (surfers waiting for wave)
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reinforces response at unpredictable time
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3 steps to effective punishment
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immediately follow behavior
punishment is consistent paired with reinforcement of good behavior |
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memory
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mental system that senses, associates, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves info
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information processing model
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1) encoding - convert stimuli to brain code
2) storage 3) retrieve |
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network processing model
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how info is organizes determines strength
associate words/concepts to others |
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levels-of-processing model
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shallow, intermediate, and deep encoding
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sensory memory
iconic echoic |
pattern recognition
visual memory (half second) auditory memory (2-4 seconds) |
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masking
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block sensory info by presenting info before or after
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elaborative rehearsal
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making info meaningful
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two steps to long term memory retrieval
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1) recall (fill in blank test)
2) recognition (mult. choice test) |
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method of loci
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1) choose set of familiar locations
2) image of item interacting with location 3) attach image to what you need to remember |
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explicit long term memories
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facts
personal experiences |
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implicit long term memories
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skills
classical and operant conditioning |
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anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia |
forget after injury
forget before injury |
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serial position effect
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remember beginning and end, not middle info
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context dependent memory
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easy to recall in same setting
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state dependent memory
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drunken memory
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mood congruent memory
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emotions are retrieval cues
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elaborative rehearsal
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making info meaningful
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two steps to long term memory retrieval
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1) recall (fill in blank test)
2) recognition (mult. choice test) |
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method of loci
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1) choose set of familiar locations
2) image of item interacting with location 3) attach image to what you need to remember |
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explicit long term memories
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facts
personal experiences |
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implicit long term memories
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skills
classical and operant conditioning |
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anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia |
forget after injury
forget before injury |
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serial position effect
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remember beginning and end, not middle info
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context dependent memory
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easy to recall in same setting
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state dependent memory
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drunken memory
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mood congruent memory
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emotions are retrieval cues
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