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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The eyes are housed in the
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Orbital cavity of the skull
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White part of eye
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Sclera
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Sclera is coveted by
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Conjunctiva. Thin mucous membrane. Also covers inner surface of eyelids.
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Central transparent part of anterior eye
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Cornea
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What muscle elevates the upper eyelids and opens the eye
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Levator palpebrae superioris
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What muscle closes the eyelids
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Orbicularis oculi
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Gland that secretes tears
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Lacrimal gland. Contains antibacterial called lysozyme that protects against infections.
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What drains tears
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Superior and inferior canaliculi into lacrimal sac into nasolacrimal duct.
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What muscle moves eye up and towards nose
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Superior rectus
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What muscle moves eye towards nose only
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Mefial rectus
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What muscle moves eye downwards and away from nose
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Superior oblique
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What muscle moves eye away from nose
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Lateral rectus
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What muscle moves eye downwards and towards nose
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Inferior rectus
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What muscle moves eye upwards and away from the nose
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Inferior oblique
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Layers of eye (not incl. cornea)
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Sclera, choroid, retina
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Layers of eye through cornea
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Cornea, (anterior cavity) anterior chamber aqueous humor, (anterior cavity) posterior chamber aqueous humor, iris, pupil, lens, posterior cavity containing vitreous humor
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What is attached to the lens?
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Suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary bodies attached to ciliary muscle
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Formation and route of aqueous humor
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Formed in capillaries in ciliary body, drains into canal of Schlemm, enters blood.
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Cornea: vascular or avascular?
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Avascular. Gets nutrients and Oxygen from aqueous humor.
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Blockage of canal of Schlemm leads to
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Intraocular pressure, pain, blurred vision, Glaucoma
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Accommodation is
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Lens thinning or thickening to allow light from near/distant objects to focus on fovea. Parasympathetic response.
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Myopia is
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Nearsightedness when focuses in front of fovea. Corrected with concave lens.
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Hyperopia is
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Farsightedness when image focuses behind fovea. Corrected with a convex lens.
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Loss of accommodation
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Presbyopia. Difficult to see near objects. Corrected with convex lenses.
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Uneven curvature of the eye is
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Astigmatism. Corrected with cylindrical lenses.
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Single sheet of epithelial cells containing melanin
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Pigment epithelium. Absorbs excess light and prevents reflection of light from inner surface of eye.
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What is stored in pigment epithelium?
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Vit A (retinol) needed for synth of visual pigments.
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Describe Retinal Detachment
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Detachment of the rest of the retna from pigment epithelium can lead to blindness.
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Steps to converting light stim to axn potentials in optic nerve fibers:
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1 light falls on photoreceptors, 2 retinal detaches from opsin, 3 leads to stim of photoreceptors, 4 neurotransmitter released, 5 sets up axn potential in layers of connecting neurons, 6 axn potentials are conducted by optic nerve fibers in visual area of occipital lobe of cerebrum for interpretation.
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Describe Rods
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120M, pigment=rhodopsin, not many in fovea, high light sensitivity, night vision, not for color vision, low visual acuity (doesn't aid in sharp focus)
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What cranial nerves supply the tongue?
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VII, IX, X
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Urinary system consists of:
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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Location of kidneys
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Retroperitoneally on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
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List parts of kidney structure
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Renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, renal column, renal pyramid, renal papilla, ureter.
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Functions of kidneys
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Waste removal, water/electrolyte balance, acid/base/H- balance/concentration, body fluid volume w renin enzyme, RBC production w erythropoietin enzyme, Ca level regulation w active Vit D.
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