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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of barriers does the Integumentary system form?
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Chemical barrier, physical or mechanical barrier, and biological barrier.
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What major organ prevents dehydration?
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Integumentary system
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True or False. The integumentary system helps prevent heat loss?
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True the skin plays an important role in body temperature regulation.
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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It provides protection (chemical, physical, and biological), helps regulate body temperature, sensation is made possible through cutaneous sensory receptors, provides metabolic function of making vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, blood reservior, and limited nitrogenous wastes are excreted.
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What are the two major layers of the integumentary system?
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the epidermis and the dermis
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Which of the two major layers of the integumentary system has epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels?
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The epidermis.
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What layer of the skin has blood vessels?
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The dermis.
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The dermis is mostly made of _________ tissue?
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strong connective tissue proper
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How does the epidermis receive its nutrients?
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Through the dermis
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True or False. The hypodermis is not technically part of the skin?
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True, is a subcutaneous layer deep to skin mostly adipose tissue
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What layer of the integumentary system is deep to the dermis?
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the hypodermis.
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What layer of the integumentary system anchors the skin to deeper structures?
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hypodermis
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The hypodermis is a shock absorber because it is mostly a layer of ________ tissue?
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adipose
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What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?
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Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans' cells, merkel cells
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True or Flase. Melanicytes are the most common cell type in the epidermis?
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False, the majority of epidermal cells are keratinocytes
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Where are keratinocytes produced?
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produced in the deepest layer or the Basal layer (stratum basale)
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What cell type produces keratin?
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Keratinocytes
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What happens to the production of keratinocytes in areas of high ware?
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forms thick callus in high ware areas
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What substance is produced by melanocytes?
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produce brown pigment called melanin
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True or False. Melanin is passed to keratinocytes via melanosomes?
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True
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What pigment absorbs energy from UV light?
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melanin
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What does UV light do to superficial skin cells?
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casues a build-up of melanin and "tans" them*
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What happens to the production of melanin when your skin is exposed to less UV light?
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production decreases in response to less exposure
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What are immune cells that engulf and destroy in the epidermis?
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Langerhan's cells (dendritic cells) "set off immune system alarm"
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Epidermal dendritic cells are an example of a fixed _________ in the skin.
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macrophange
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Where are Merkel cell located? Tactile cells?
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They are located at the junction between the epidermis and dermis. Tactile cells are the same thing as merkel cells.
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What cell in the epidermis is associated with free nerve endings?
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Merkel cells
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What are strata (in general)?
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sublayers
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True or False. This skin is composed of 5 layers?
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False the epidermis is composed of 5 layers in some areas.
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How many layers are in the epidermis?
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5 layers
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What is an example of somewhere on the human body that you would find thick skin?
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palms of hands and soles of feet
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What are the five layers of epidermis?
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Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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Which of the layers is the deepest?
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Stratum Basale
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Keratinocytes reproduce in what layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum basale
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In which layer of the epidermis do the keratinocytes fill with intermediate filaments?
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Stratum spinosum
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In the startum spinosum cells are bound together with ________?
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intermediate filaments sttached to desmosomes
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In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes fill with keratin and lamellated granules?
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stratum granulosum
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What is the purpose of having lamellated granules in skin cells?
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waterproofing
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What physical changes happen to keratinocytes while in the stratum granulosum?
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organelles disintergrate
"cells are dying" because there are "no nutrients to support" |
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What happens to keratinocytes as they move higher in the strata of the epidermis? Why?
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the cell begins to die as they move up through the layers of the strata. the farther away the cell moves from the basement membrane the less nutrients there are, the cell die with no nutrients.
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True or False. Stratum lucidum is only found in thin skin?
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False, stratum lucidum is found in thick skin on the palms of hands and the soles of feet.
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What is the mosr superficial layer of the epidermis?
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The stratum corneum
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What is the main function of the stratum corneum?
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It is a row of 20-30 cells that provides a chemical, biological and physical barrier.
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In what layer of the epidermis are the keratinocytes flattened and deceased?
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stratum corneum
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Skin cells flake off the body from what layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum corneum
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How would you describe the life cycle of a keratinocyte? Include layers and what happens in each.
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mitosis occurs in the stratum basale they layer of the epidermis closest to the basement membrane, which supplies ample nutrients, when the keratinocytes continue their jourmey upward they reach the stratum spinosum. The cells contain intermediate filaments and start to shrink (making them look spiney). Next they go through the stratum granulosum, the cells begin to to flatten the lamellated granules accumulate "waterproofing the liquid" if it is thick skin the next layer is the stratum lucidum a thin clear layer and finally they reach the stratum corneum which is 20-30 layers deep. The cells are dead and flake off. The enitre process takes 25-45 days.
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What layer of the integumentary system is directly deep to the epidermis?
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The dermis
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Nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels are all found in what layer of the integumentary system?
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Dermis
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What are the two layers of the dermis?
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Papillary layer and reticular layer
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How do the two layers of the dermis differ from one another?
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the papillary layer is areolar tissue that makes up 20% of the dermis and the reticular layer is dense irregular tissue that makes up 80%
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________ are on the superior surface of the papillary layer of the dermis, and indent the overlying epidermis.
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Dermal papillae they make are fingerprints
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What do the friction ridges on palms of hands do in conjunction with sweat pores
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create fingerprints
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What is the deeper layer of the dermis?
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reticular layer
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What type of connective tissue is the reticular layer [of the dermis] mostly composed of
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dense irregular connective tissue
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T/F In the dermis, most collagen fibers run parallel to the skin surface?
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True
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What are cleavage lines and how are they helpful?
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When an incision is made along these lines it gapes less and heals faster.
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What are dermal folds at or near joints, that show that the dermis is secured to deeper structures
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flexure lines are where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures.
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What causes the lines on the palms and the wrists?
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Flexure lines cause the lines on the hands and wrists.
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Dermal tears resulting from extreme stretching are called _______?
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Striae or "stretch marks"
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What are blisters?
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Seperation of the dermis and epidermis casued by short-term acute trauma which creates fliud filled pockets.
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T/F Blisters are fluid-filled pockets caused by a separation of the dermis and hypodermis
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False. Blisters are fluid filled pockets where the dermis and epidermis seperate caused by short term trauma.
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What are three skin coloring pigments in the human body that we learned about?
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Melanin, Catotene, Hemoglobin
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Of the three pigments we learned, which one is made in the skin?
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melanin
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What pigment is usually in yellows, reds, browns, and blacks?
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melanin
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What is the main function of the pigment melanin?
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absorbs UV light, protects DNA
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A "tan" is a build up of _______?
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Melanin
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When the skin is exposed to more UV rays, what happens?
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exposed keratinocytes chemically signals to release more melanin
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True or Flase. Humans in differents parts of the world have varying amounts of melanocytes in their body?
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False. The difference is due to the amount and type of melanin produced.
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What is a freckle/mole?
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Are accumulations of melanin
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What are worldwide differences in skin color casued by?
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The difference is due to the amount and type of melanin produced.
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UV rays can cause elastic fibers to clump causing_______?
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leathery skin, tempoerarily depresses the immune system, and can alter the DNA of the skin
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True or False. Overexposure to the sun can cause an increase of folic acid?
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False. It destroy's the body's folic acid stores
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What is skin cancer?
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genectically damaged DNA of skin cells create tumors and arise in the skin.
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What colors does the pigment carotene come in?
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yellow to orange pigment
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Where does carotene accumulate in the body?
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in the stratum corneum, the superficial layer of the epidermis
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If someonehave very orange soles on their feet, what pigmnet is accumulated in those areas?
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carotene
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What pigment cause a pink hue in fair skin?
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hemoglobin
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True or Flase. Hemoglobin is the pigment in unoxygenated blood?
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False, the crimson color is because it is oxygenated.
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What causes cyanosis?
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It is when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated so the blodd and skin appear blue
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What are the causes of the skin being more pale or blanching?
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emotional stress (fear, anger), anemia, and low blood pressure.
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Jaundice is usually caused by a __________ disorder.
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liver disorder.
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What is the name of the skin condition when the skin is bronzing and has a metallic appearance?
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Addison's disease
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What cause skin to be black and blue?
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blood escaped from cirrculation and clotted benrath the skin creating clotted masses or a hematoma
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What are appendages of the skin?
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A derivative of the epidermis including hair, hiar follicles, nails, sweat gland, and sebaceous (oil) glands
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True or Flase. Sudoriferous glands are only found on the nipples and external genitalia?
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False. There are two types of sudoriferous glands and one of them is found on the nipples and external genitalia
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What type of sweat glands produces "true" sweat?
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eccrine glands produce "true" sweat
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What is true sweat composed of?
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It is composed of 99% water, NaCl, and antimicrobial substances
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What are two types of sweating that the body ca perform?
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Through the eccrine system which produces "true" sweat or through the Apocrine system which secrete sexual scents
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What type of sudoriferous glands is mostly confined to the axillary and genital regions?
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apocrine glands
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What is different about "true" sweat and the substance that comes out of apocrine glands?
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True sweat glands play a role in thermoregulation and apocrine glands are thought to be scent glands that produce abody odor.
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What cause bad body odor?
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Apocrine glands
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What type of glands secrete cerumen (ear wax)?
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specialized apocrine glands cerruminous glands
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True or False. Mammary glands are modified sweat glands.
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True
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Where can sebaceous glands be found on the body?
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All over the body except in thick skin of the palms and soles.
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What type of glands secretes sebum?
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Sebaceous glands
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What type of glands secrete into the hair follicle and are holocrine glands?
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Sebaceous glands
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What are positive reasons for having sebaceous glands in the human body?
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slows water loss from the skin.
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What cause white heads?
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a blocked gland duct causes whiteheads
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What are the functions of hair?
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hair helps protect, or warn, or filter
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What type of cells make up hair?
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keratinized cells
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What are the two major components of hair?
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the shaft and root
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Active cell division occurs in the ________ region of a piece of hair.
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hair follicle/hair matrix
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What is a hair follicle?
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"bag" folds doen from the epidermal surface to the dermis
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True or False, Hair follicles contain nerve fibers?
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True
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What type of muscle pulls hair follicles into an upright position?
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Arrector pili
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What is alopecia?
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hair are not replaced as fast as they are sheding which leads to thinning
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What is male pattern baldness?
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genetically determined sex-influenced condition
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How do the two types of hair thinning/baldness differ from each other?
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The hair does not replace itself fast enough with alopecia and male pattern baldness is a genetic condition where hairs never emerge from the follicle.
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What are scale like modifications of the epidermis that are constructed with "hard keratin"?`
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Nails
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What causes a abnormal mass of tissue?
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Skin cancer
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What is the difference between malignant and benign abnormal masses of tissue?
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benign tumors do not metastasize
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What is a basal cell carcinoma?
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least malignant and most common skin cancer, Stratum basale cells proliferate invading the dermis and hypodermis.
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What skin cells are affected by basal cell carcinoma?
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stratum basale cells
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What type of skin cancer affects the cells of the stratum spinosum and forms a scaly rounded elevation?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What is squamous cell carcinoma?
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a type of skin cancer that affects the cells of the stratum spinosum and forms a scaly rounded elevation.
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What type of cells are affected by melanomas?
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melanocytes
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What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer? Why is it the most dangerous?
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Melanoma is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
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What is the ABCD rule and what are its parts?
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It a rule for regularly examining your skin for recognizing melanomas.
A- Asymmetry (2 sides dont match) B- Border Irregularity (exhibit indentations) C- Color (contain several colors) D- Diameter (larger than 6mm) |
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What is the term for tissue damage from extreme heat (and other sources) that causes cell death?
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A burn
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What are health issues that can arise from a burn?
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catastrophic loss of body fluids which lead to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
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Know the rule of nines and be able to apply it.
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A method that divides that body into 11 areas, each area accounting for 9% of total body area plus the perineum region accounting for 1%.
Anterior & posterior head& neck 9% Anterior & posterior upper limbs 18% Anterior & posterior trunk 36% Anterior & posterior lower limbs 36% perineum 1% |
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What is a first degree burn?
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Is a burn where only the epidermis is damaged
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Most sunburns are an example of a _________ degree burn.
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a first degree burn
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What degree of burn involves damage to the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis?
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a second degree burn
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Blisters usually arise after a ______ degree burn.
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second degree burn
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What is a 3rd degree burn?
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are full thickness burns involving the entire thickness of skin
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Why is it possible that a 3rd degree burn can "hurt" less than a 2nd degree burn?
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The nerve endings in a third degree burn have been destroyed
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What type of burn is total destruction of the skin?
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3rd degree burn
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