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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The respiratory system:
In addition to gaseous exchange, the respiratory system ..., ..., and ... the inspired air. |
warms, humidifies and cleans
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What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?
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conducting and respiratory
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What is the main function and what are the components of the conducting division? (6)
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to conduct air
nose nasopharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles |
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what is the main function of the respiratory division?
what are the components? (4) |
exchange of gases between blood and air
respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli |
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Conducting portion:
... - a hollow organ composed of bone, cartilage, and connective tissue covered by a mucous membrane. |
Nasal Cavity
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Nasal cavity:
Anterior nares and vestibule - covered in the anterior part by cornified ... epithelium with some sebaceous and sweat glands and stiff ... which help exclude dust particles. |
stratified squamous
hairs |
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Nasal Cavity:
Respiratory Portion - lined with ... ciliated ... epithelium with ... cells; underlying this epithelium and separated from it by a basal lamina is the ... (connective tissue containing mixed glands). |
pseudostratified
columnar goblet lamina propria |
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Nasal Cavity (Respiratory portion):
Significance of the epithelium: ... on the tall columnar cells act as a filter, beating toward the oropharynx to carry foreign matter and mucus to be swallowed ... - produce mucus to bind debris and keep the membrane moist. |
Cilia
Goblet cells |
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Nasal cavity (respiratory portion):
Significance of the ...: -contains lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and collections of lymphatic tissue which serve a ... function. -contains ... glands which provide moisture and mucus. - contains large ... which warm the air and can also engorge and produce "that stuffy feeling.“ |
lamina propria
protective seromucous venous plexuses |
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The ... in most people is the preferred airway access to the lungs.
Although most conducting airways contribute to the modification of the inspired air, most of the process takes place in the .... |
nose
nasal passages |
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The air reaching the lungs is fully ... and near body ..., relatively free of living and non-living matter. *
Most of this is accomplished in the .... |
humidified
temperature nasal cavity |
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Nasal cavity:
... - located on the roof and superior conchae of the nasal cavity; consists of ... epithelium without ... cells; contains three types of cells, which are ..., ..., and ... |
Olfactory Epithelium
pseudostratified columnar goblet supporting (sustentacular cells) sensory (olfactory) cells Basal Cells |
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Olfactory epithelium:
Supporting (Sustentacular) Cells - tall ... cells with ... projecting into the fluid layer at the free surface. Seem to provide support for the sensory cells and have junctional complexes. |
cylindrical
microvilli |
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Olfactory epithelium:
Sensory (Olfactory) Cells - ... nerve cells; the apical portion, a modified dendrite, expands into a bulbous head, the olfactory vesicle, from which long, nonmotile cilia extend parallel to the surface, forming a layer above the microvilli of the supporting cells. * The proximal or axonal end is a thin filament which passes into the lamina propria and, with fibers from similar cells, forms the .... |
bipolar
olfactory nerve |
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Olfactory Epithelium:
Basal Cells - small ... cells with branching processes found between the bases of the supporting cells. In the olfactory area, the lamina propria contains ..., which produce a serous secretion of dissolve gases for odor detection, and then wash away these odor particles. |
triangular
Bowman's Glands |
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look at slide 23
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ok
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Paranasal sinuses:
Four, associated with each nasal cavity; lined by a low ... ciliated ... epithelium ... goblet cells. The drainage openings into the nasal cavity are small and may become occluded if the mucosa becomes inflamed or swollen. Mucus then accumulates in the sinuses or infection occurs, building up pressure and producing sinus .... |
pseudostratified
columnar with headaches |
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...:
Leads back from the nasal cavities to the oropharynx. Covered with pseudostratified ciliated ... epithelium with goblet cells (but has a stratified ... epithelium as well). It contains the ... (pharyngeal tonsil) which persists throughout life but begins to diminish in late childhood. ... muscles cause complete occlusion of the nasopharynx during swallowing, forceful blowing, etc. |
nasopharynx
columnar squamous adenoids Palatal |
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...:
Begins with the epiglottis and ends at the trachea. Connects the pharynx to the .... Its walls contain hyaline and elastic cartilage, connective tissue, and striated muscle, and are covered by a ... membrane with associated glands. Provides ... and keeps food out of the tracheae. |
Larynx
trachea mucous vocalization |
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Larynx:
... - attaches at the top and anterior portion of the larynx; projects upward and backward during swallowing to help keep food out of the trachea by diverting it. Supported by elastic cartilage Epithelium is ... anteriorly and on the upper half of the posterior surface (for abrasion). ... epithelium with goblet cells begins at the base of the epiglottis and continues down the larynx ... contains seromucous glands and lymphatic tissue. |
Epiglottis
stratified squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar Lamina propria |
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Larynx (internal geography):
Remainder of laryngeal cartilages - .... True vocal cords: covered by ... epithelium to withstand abrasion.* Contains an elastic (vocal) ligament and laterally placed skeletal muscle (vocalis) which alters tension of the cords.* False vocal cords: covered by ... epithelium with goblet cells under which is a lamina propria with seromucous glands and lymphatic tissue. |
hyaline
stratified squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Larynx (internal geography):
...: between the true and false cords. Both true and false cords are apposed during swallowing. Only the ... cords come together on phonation. True cords ... wide in deep breathing and ... slightly in normal inspiration and ... slightly on expiration. |
Laryngeal ventricle
true open open close |
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Larynx (functions):
It is a ... in the airway--the glottis closes to prevent aspiration in swallowing and to allow for an increase of intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure in coughing and vomiting. In phonation the vocal cords are apposed just enough to permit subglottic pressure. The rhythmic parting results in ...; length, tension, and mass determine the pitch. |
valve
sounds |
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Trachea and main bronchi:
Epithelium is ... epithelium with goblet cells, a mosaic of: a) ... cells that propels the mucous blanket outward b) ... cells (goblet cells) that produce mucus, and c) poorly differentiated ... cells (possibly stem cells). The ... cells occupy most of the surface |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
ciliated gland basal ciliated |
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Trachea and main bronchi:
Cilia have a synchronized beat propelling the mucous blanket toward the .... In addition, ... cells have microvilli on their surface and may represent a stage in the life cycle of the goblet cell or perhaps is a form of sensory cell. Another small basal cell contains granules and may be an ... secretory cell (function unknown). |
pharynx
brush endocrine |
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Trachea and Main Bronchi (Epithelium):
The trachea will first branch to form the two major bronchi and a total of ... generations of dichotomous branchings will occur before the end of the airway is reached. Proceeding down the airway tree, the epithelium gradually ... and ...: the number and disposition of gland cells change. |
23
thins and simplifies |
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If you find hyaline cartilage in the wall, it is most likely a ...
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bronchus
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Trachea and main bronchi:
The ... consists of irregular fibro-elastic connective tissue with sero-mucous glands and lymphoid elements. Plasma cells associated with the seromucous glands produce ... which reach the surface through the glands' excretory ducts after passage through the secretory cells. The C.T. of the lamina propria is mostly ... fibers longitudinally arranged and serves to maintain a smooth profile of the ... no matter the degree of inflation. |
lamina propria
antibodies elastic lumen |
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Trachea and Main Bronchi (Enveloping C.T. Sleeve):
"C" -shaped ... cartilage rings keep the trachea and extrapulmonary portion of the main bronchi open. In the back between the free ends of the 'C" ... m. and C.T. are found attaching. Adjacent rings are connected by a ... C.T., providing elasticity and flexibility. |
hyaline
smooth fibro-elastic |
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...:
They branch many times as they penetrate further into the lung, resulting in many orders of decreasing diameter. Epithelium - ... with ... cells. |
Intrapulmonary Bronchi
pseudostratified ciliated columnar goblet |
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Intrapulmonary bronchi:
... - contains many elastic fibers and sero-mucous glands. ... - present as irregular plates, some circular, which surround the bronchi and help keep them open; Therefore, the intrapulmonary bronchi are ... rather then ... on one side as are the extrapulmonary bronchi and trachea |
Lamina propria
Cartilage cylindrical flattened |
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Intrapulmonary bronchi:
... - between the mucosa and the cartilage-containing sub-submucosa smooth muscle is arranged in an open spiral around the bronchus. ... fibers are intermixed. |
Smooth muscle
Elastic |
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Intrapulmonary bronchi:
As the bronchi branch and decrease in diameter, each component of the wall becomes thinner and sparser, except the layer of ..., which remains distinct up to the end of the respiratory bronchioles. |
smooth muscle
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Bronchioles:
Diameter = (1 mm or less) 1. epithelium - varies with size; larger bronchioles have simple ciliated ... with ... goblet cells, smaller bronchioles have simple ... ciliated cells with ... goblet cells (... persist after goblet cells have disappeared to keep the alveoli from filling with mucus). ... cells replace the goblet cells. They appear to be ... cells that contain granules. they don’t secrete mucous. A more protective type of granule. |
columnar
few cuboidal no cilia Clara secretory |
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Bronchioles:
Their function is not definitely known, but they are thought to produce a fluid of low viscosity which ... the bronchiolar lining. 2. ... are absent from the lamina propria, so no mucus is produced to get sucked into the respiratory areas. |
protects
Seromucous glands |
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Bronchioles:
3. ... is absent: the bronchiole are surrounded by the air spaces of the lung (the alveoli) and attached to them by an elastic network, so upon inspiration when the lungs expand and the air spaces fill out, the bronchioles also expand and thus are kept open. |
Cartilage
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Lack of ... is the most distinctive feature of the bronchiole.
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hyaline cartilage
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Bronchioles:
... - relatively prominent, helps to regulate the size of the bronchioles. The muscle is wrapped by a strongly developed elastic C.T. sheath. As the bronchioles become smaller and the ... is reduced, the ... composes a large proportion of the wall. |
Smooth muscle
smooth muscle C.T. |
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A continuous blanket of ... lines all major conducting airways from the trachea to larger bronchioles; it is produced by ... cells and ... glands.
It has a ... viscosity but it lies upon a hypophase layer of much ... viscosity which actually bathes the cilia. This arrangement: 1) allows the cilia to beat in a layer of low viscous resistance and 2) the "sticky" surface layer, which contains the foreign particles can flow up the airways as a coherent sheet propelled on an aqueous phase. |
mucus
goblet submucosal high lower |
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Bronchioles:
In the bronchioles, ... cells gradually disappear and are replaced by ... cells. Here surface film is different; it is thinner and lacks a viscous blanket of sticky mucus above the cilia. |
goblet
Clara |
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Respiratory portion:
The airways have about ... generations of dichotomous branchings eventually ending as a blind sac. The last 6-7 generations of these airways have ... (beginning with the respiratory ...). There are between 300-500 million alveoli in both lungs. |
23
alveoli bronchioles |
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... have alveoli in their wall.
They are considered the first part of the respiratory division of the respiratory system. They are also the beginning of the respiratory acinus. Respiration occurs in the .... |
Respiratory bronchioles
alveoli |
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What is the last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Do they have alveoli in their wall? |
Terminal bronchiole
no |
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Respiratory Bronchioles:
Diameter = (0.5 mm or less) 1. Some ... are present as outpouchings in the bronchiole wall. 2. Epithelium - simple ... with cilia, which are gradually lost. 3. ... - still present as an open spiral which are ensheathed by delicate C.T. |
alveoli
cuboidal Smooth muscle |
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...:
Thin-walled branching tubes with a squamous epithelial lining and numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs opening into the ducts. |
Alveolar Ducts
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... are accumulation of alveoli that you would find going around in a circular type of pattern.
... are more linear w/ alveoli in their wall. Gas can exchange anywhere which contain .... |
Sacs
Ducts alveoli |
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Alveolar ducts:
Between the alveoli the wall is supported by strands of ... tissue and by spiraling ... fibers at the opening of alveoli. In histological sections, the wall appears to be completely occupied by alveoli, with only small portions of fibers and muscle apparent. |
fibroelastic
smooth muscle |
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... = cluster of alveoli - thin-walled, polyhedral sacs, one side of which is always lacking.
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Alveolar sac
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...:
Consists of pure respiratory surface, across which gaseous exchange occurs. ... is absent but ... is present. |
alveoli
Smooth muscle fibroelastic C.T |
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Alveoli:
Alveoli are closely packed so walls are not separate but exist as .... Small alveolar ... communicate between adjacent alveoli. |
interalveolar septa
pores |
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Components of interalveolar septa:
a) closely meshed continuous capillary net. b) many reticular fibers, some elastic fibers support the sacs and the capillaries c) ... epithelium, both sides |
simple squamous
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What type of cell makes up the bulk of the surface of the alveoli?
-very thin; shape changes with degree of alveolar inflation. Comprises about 97% of surface of alveoli. What is it involved in? |
Squamous Type I cells
gas exchange |
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Cells of the alveolar lining:
Type II (Alveolar or ... Cells) – bulge between the flat Type I cells into the alveolar lumen. Contain ... containing surfactant. Secrete surfactant, over the surface of the alveoli--this reduces surfaces tension preventing alveolar collapse at the end of .... |
Septal
lamellar bodies expiration |
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look at slide 74
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ok
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Cells of the alveolar lining:
Alveolar Phagocytes (... Cells) - migrate into alveolar spaces and engulf debris. -usually filled w/ foreign material -a macrophage |
Dust
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look at slide 76,79
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ok
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Blood is separated from air by the following structures:
... cell Basal lamina of the endothelial cell fused with the basal lamina of the ... Simple squamous alveolar lining (... cell) |
Endothelial
type I pneumocyte Type I |
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Blood supply:
The ... walled bronchi requires oxygenated blood for nourishment. Therefore, bronchial arteries extend down toward the most peripheral bronchi and some even extend far enough to nourish the pleura. The peripheral branches of the pulmonary and bronchial arteries frequently anastomose usually at the level of the .... ... carries the returning blood from both these system back to the heart. |
thicker
respiratory bronchioles Pulmonary vein |
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Innervation:
... cause bronchiolar smooth muscle to narrow these passages; ... cause relaxation and dilatation. Blood vessels are also supplied by both autonomic system. |
Vagal parasympathetics
sympathetics |
