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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classification of Fatty Acids:
Short chain: 2-4 carbons -Acetate/propionate/butyrate. -Primary fuels for intestinal cells (colon). Medium chain: 6-12 carbons - Water soluble. - Enter mitochondria independent of transporters. Long chain: 14-24 carbons - Primary lipids of .... - Absorbed via .../require ... for transport into mitochondria. Very long chain: >24 carbons |
cell membranes
lymphatics carnitine |
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Essential fatty acids
-PUFAs: supplied in diet. -... acid (18:2 w6). -... acid (18:3 w3). Non-essential fatty acids -Synthesized in body. -SFAs, MUFAs, TFAs, few PUFAs. |
Linoleic
a-Linolenic |
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know slide 10
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ok
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Manifestations of EFAD (essential fatty acid deficiency) in Animals:
-... retardation/emaciation. -Failure to ... (males and females). -Hair loss. - .... (MC seen in kids) -Greatly increased water permeability of skin & increased capillary permeability. -Increased metabolic rate and food intake. -.... (MC in elderly) -Hematuria, renal papillary necrosis, and kidney failure. |
Growth
reproduce Scaly skin Brittle, osteoporotic bones |
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Most Important EFA Derivatives:
... (20:4w6) and ... (20:5w3) -Precursors of eicosanoids with antagonistic effects. ... (22:6w3) - Occupies > 35% of all C-2 positions in brain phospholipids. - Up to 60% of photoreceptor phospholipids. ... - Precursor of 1 series eicosanoids. |
AA
EPA DHA DGLA |
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Eicosanoid:
Any of the physiologically active substances derived from arachidonic acid, including the ..., ..., and .... (these are good in certain instances. In extreme, the eicosanoids, at least series 2, are responsible for a lot of disease states) |
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
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The following impair ...:
Diabetes High EtOH intake Smoking Stress-related hormones -Corticosteroids -Catecholamines Aging in males Viral infection Atopic eczema Cholesterol Excess saturated fat -Dilutes LA available as substrate Trans fatty acids |
Delta 6-Desaturation
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Lower levels of expression of human ... is associated with aggressiveness of human breast cancer.
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delta-6-desaturase
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...:
-Converts DGLA into AA. -EPA inhibits conversion of DGLA to AA. -Generally low activity in humans (most AA is dietary). -Effect of insulin. |
Delta 5-desaturase
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...:
Alter LDL/HDL ratio. -Raise cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and pp lipoprotein concs enriched in apo(a). -CETP transfers cholesteryl esters from HDL to lipoproteins of lower density. No effect on platelet aggregation. Impair endothelial function and decrease paraoxonase. |
Trans fatty acids
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“Women who ate the most ... fats (about 3% of daily intake) were 50% more likely to develop heart disease over a 14 year period than those who ate the least (slightly over 1% of daily energy). Women with the lowest intake of ... fats and the highest intake of ... fats were 70% less likely to develop heart disease when compared with women who ate most ... fats and the least ... fats.”
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trans
trans polyunsaturated trans polyunsaturated |
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... (20:4ω6):
Unusual position of importance in fat-related inflammatory response. Predominantly obtained from diet due to low activity of delta-5-desaturase. -Primary source in U.S. diet is beef fat. Begins “... cascade.” |
Arachidonic Acid
arachidonic acid |
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Eicosanoids:
Lipid mediators produced by oxidation of C20-FAs (AA, EPA, DGLA). 3 pathways -... generate Prostanoids (PGs, TXs, Prostacyclin). -... generate Leukotrienes. -... generate Epoxy derivatives. |
COX
LOX Epoxygenases |
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...:
-Initial mobilization of AA (20:4ω6). -Located at cell membrane. -Inhibited by cortisone, licorice, vitamin E, quercitin. |
Phospholipase A2
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...: constitutive.
-Maintenance of normal cell and organ function. ...: inducible. -Up-regulated by cytokines, mitogens, and endotoxin. -Highly expressed in inflamed tissues. -Produces PGs involved in inflammatory processes. ... fatty acids have greater affinity for COX (and LOX) than .... |
COX-1
COX-2 w-3 w6s |
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...:
Modulated by EPA/AA ratio. Inhibited by -Indomethacin, aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (weak), sulfasalazine (topical). -Ginger, tumeric (Curcumin longa), melatonin, green tea, purple grape, thyme, rosemary, cayenne, hops fractions. |
cyclooxygenase
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...:
Modulated by EPA/AA ratio. Inhibited by -Sulfasalazine (topical), colchicine (LTB4) -Vitamin E, GSH, quercitin, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativa), tumeric (Curcumin longa), Boswellia serrata. |
Lipoxygenase
(5-LPX, 12-LPX) |
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A study:
“We conclude that diets enriched with fish-oil-derived fatty acids may have ... effects by inhibiting the ... pathway in neutrophils and monocytes and inhibiting the leukotriene B4-mediated function of neutrophils.” |
anti-inflammatory
5-lipoxygenase |
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GLA in Inflammation:
-DGLA blocks synthesis of ... products. -DGLA converted to oxidized products with anti-inflammatory activities. -Neutrophils from subjects supplemented with GLA produce less LTB4 but GLA may increase AA in serum. -Combining ... with GLA reduces proinflammatory AA metabolite synthesis, and doesn’t induce potentially harmful increases in serum AA. |
AA
EPA |
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A study:
These results suggest that n-6 fatty acids do not inhibit the ... effects of n-3 fatty acids and that the combination of both types of fatty acids is associated with the ... levels of inflammation. The ... of inflammatory cytokines may be one possible mechanism for the observed beneficial effects of these fatty acids on chronic inflammatory–related diseases. |
antiinflammatory
lowest inhibition |
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... oil x 4 wks reduced TNF-a and IL1-b production by 30%.
... oil x 4 wks reduced TNF-a and IL1-b 74% and 80% respectively. Inverse exponential relation between TNF-a, IL1-b production and mononuclear EPA conc. |
Flaxseed
Fish |
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Harrison’s notes
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ok
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folate and thiamine storage in the body is ...
vitamin B12 and vitamin A storage in the body is ... |
small
large |
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Vitamin B1 = ...
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thiamine
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In western countries, the primary causes of thiamine deficiency are ... and ...
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alcoholism and chronic illness (i.e. cancer)
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... beriberi presents primarily w/ CV symptoms.
... beriberi presents with a symmetric peripheral neuropathy of the motor and sensory systems with diminished reflexes. alcoholic pts w/ chronic thiamine deficiency may present w/ ... syndrome |
Wet
Dry Wernicke-Korsakoff |
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vitamin B2 = ...
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riboflavin
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vitamin B3 = ...
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niacin
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vitamin B6 = ...
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pyridoxine
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vitamin B12 = ...
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folate
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vitamin B5 = ...
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pantothenic acid
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in pregnancy, the daily dose of vitamin A should not exceed ... mg.
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3
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High doses of vitamin E (>800 mg/d) may reduce platelet aggregation and interfere w/ vitamin K metabolism and are therefore CI in pts taking ...
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warfarin
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