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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Before 1900, the 2 most common causes of death worldwide were ... and ...
deaths related to CV disease were < ...% -the 2 main types: ... and ... mean life expectancy: ... years current world population in this stage: ...% |
infectious disease and malnutrition
10 rheumatic and cardiomyopathies 30 10 |
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Today, ... account for 30% of deaths worldwide. Nearly 40% of those deaths are in ... countries
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CVD
high-income |
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Receding pandemics: USA 1900-1930
... measures implemented Deaths related to CVD: ...-...% predominant CVD types (4): ... current world population in this stage: ...% |
public health
10-35 HTN, stroke, CAD, rheumatic vavular disease 40 |
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Degenerative and human-made disease: USA 1930-1965
Emergence of ... and ... deaths related to CVD: ...-...% predominant CVD types: ... and ... current world pop. in this stage: ...% |
HTN and atherosclerosis
35-65 CAD and stroke 35 |
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Delayed degenerative disease: 1965 - ?
Major causes of death: __________ & ________. Decline in age-adjusted CVD mortality due to improved treatment and prevention efforts. CVD affecting older individuals. Deaths related to CVD: __________. Predominant CVD Types: ___________ & __________ & ____________________. Current world population in this stage: _____. |
CVD and cancer
40-50% CAD, stroke, CHF 15% |
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Inactivity and Obesity: the stage we’re possibly moving into
Increase in ..., ... and ... (particularly in children) Possible reversal of age-adjusted decline in CVD mortality due to younger age of onset. Predominant CVD types: ____________ & ____________ & ____________ & ___________. |
HTN, DM and hyperlipidemia
CAD, stroke (CVA), CHF, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) |
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High income countries make up ...% of the world population and the dominant form of CVD is ...
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15
CAD |
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The highest death rates due to CVD in the world (58%) are found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
-Life expectancy for __________ men has fallen from >70 to <60 over the past two decades. -The WHO estimates that 60% of the world’s cardiac patients will be from ___________ by 2010. |
Russian
India |
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Is obesity one of the major risk factors of CVD?
obesity appears to coexist with ... and ... |
no
malnutrition and poverty |
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What is the leading cause of death in the US?
-about 1 million deaths annually -responsible for 40% of all deaths annually. projected to be the leading cause of death worldwide |
CV disease
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T or F: the percentage of all deaths secondary to CVD is higher among women than men.
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TRUE
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ETIOLOGY OF CARDIAC SYMPTOMS:
If someone presents with these symptoms, what should you think: -chest pain, discomfort - ... -easy fatigability, decreased ability to exercise, SOB, cyanosis, hypotn, syncope (if acute) - ... -dyspnea on exertion, SOB, orthopnea, pulmonary edema - ... -palpitations, syncope, transient dyspnea, hypotn, sudden cardiac death - ... |
ischemia
reduced cardiac output elevated pressure behind failing ventricle and/or obstructed blood flow cardiac dysrythmias |
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about ...% of cardiac deaths are sudden.
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25
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What is the most common form of dyspnea? (is nonspecific and associated with mild disease)
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Exertional dyspnea
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which type of dyspnea is most specific for cardiac origin?
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
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Orthopnea: mild increase in venous return from recumbent position; suggests ... disease.
Dyspnea at Rest: Seen in ... cardiac disease but also in primary ... diseases. |
severe
severe pulmonary |
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Palpitations preceding syncope/presyncope are suggestive of ... resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow
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dysrhythmia
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Transient Ischemic Attack suggests ... from the heart or great vessels.
-should prompt a search for CV disease -sudden, unexplained blood loss to a limb also suggests a cardioembolic event. |
emboli
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Cardiac cough is usually ...
-left heart failure -pulmonary hypertension |
non-productive
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What are the 5 major risk factors for CVD?
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diabetes
tobacco hyperlipidemia hypertension family history |
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describe the NYHA functional classifications (classes 1-4)
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I – no limit of physical activity. no symptoms w/ normal exertion
II – slight limit of physical activity. ordinary activity causes symptoms III – very limited w/ physical activity. less than ordinary activity causes symptoms. asymptomatic at rest IV – can’t carry out any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms at rest. |
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underlying systemic illnesses in pts w/ heart disease:
Elderly patient with A-fib and heart failure should be screened for .... Pt with fluctuating AV block should be screened for .... Pt with unexplained pericardial effusion should be screened for occult ... and .... |
hyperthyroidism
Lymes Disease malignancy TB |
