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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 2 things are capillaries comprised of?
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a monolayer of endothelial cells
pericytes |
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malignant vascular tumor involving pericytes is a ...
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hemangiopericytoma
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Veins and Arteries:
Trilaminar structure. ____________________: monolayer of endothelial cells continuous with capillary tree. ____________________: layers of smooth-muscle cells. ____________________: extracellular matrix (fibroblasts, mast cells, nerve terminals). ____________________: vascular supply to large arteries that nourish outer aspects of tunica media. |
Tunica intima
Tunica media Tunica adventitia Vasa vasorum |
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Arterioles:
-Thick tunica media. -Muscular tone regulates ____________________. Medium-size muscular arteries: -Prominent tunica media. -Frequent site of ____________________. |
blood flow and pressure
atherosclerosis |
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Large arteries:
-Elastic -Structured tunica media with elastin-rich extracellular matrix. Veins: -... medias and ... adventitias. |
Thin
thicker |
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Origin of vascular cells:
Upper-body arterial smooth-muscle cells are derived primarily from ____________________. Lower-body arterial smooth-muscle cells are derived primarily from ____________________. |
neural crest cells
somites |
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... cell:
-Primary cell of vascular intima. -Interface between tissue and blood. -Regulates molecular transfer between tissue and blood. -... barrier: |
endothelial
Selective |
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Endothelial cell:
Local regulation of blood flow and vascular caliber. Endogenous ____________________. -prostacyclin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and nitric oxide (NO). Endogenous ____________________. -Endothelin. Loss of the healthy, balanced tension between endogenous vasoactive substances often results in .... Nitric oxide appears to be a major player. |
vasodilators
vasoconstrictors hypertension |
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Endothelial monolayer:
Critical contribution to normal host and pathologic inflammatory responses. Normal endothelium _______________ to leukocyte adhesion (teflon). Infected or injured endothelium ___________ leukocytes (velcro). -Bacterial products (endotoxins). -Proinflammatory cytokines. -Leukocyte adhesion molecules. -“...” by endothelial cells under different pathologic conditions. *Acute bacterial infections > ... predominate. *Chronic inflammatory diseases (tuberculosis, atherosclerosis) > ... predominate. |
resistant
binds Selective recruitment granulocytes mononuclear leukocytes |
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Do the following things in the endothelial monolayer inhibit or promote clotting?
nitrous oxide and prostacyclin? thrombomodulin? heparan sulfate glycos aminoglycans? plasminogen activators? |
inhibits clotting
inhibits clotting inhibits clotting inhibits clotting |
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Inflammatory cytokines, bacterial endotoxin, angiotensin II, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and sepsis are pathologic conditions that may result in the promotion of local ... formation.
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thrombus
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heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans ... thrombus formation and ... smooth muscle proliferation
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inhibit
inhibit |
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Endothelial functions in health and disease: pick which one is homeostatic (as opposed to dysfunctional)
Vasodilation, vasoconstriction prothrombotic, antifibrinolytic, profibrinolytic, antithrombotic pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory proproliferative, antiproliferative antioxidant, prooxidant |
vasodilation
profibrinolytic antithrombotic anti-inflammatory antiproliferative antioxidant |
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Vascular smooth-muscle cell:
Major cell type of media layer. Vasomotor tone of arteries regulates blood pressure, regional blood flow, and cardiac ____________________. Vasomotor tone of veins regulates venous capacitance and cardiac ______________. |
afterload
preload |
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Elastin produced by smooth-muscle cells in larger arteries allows ... during systole and ... during diastole
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expansion
recoil |
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What is the principal function of vascular smooth-muscle cells?
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to maintain vessel tone
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Rise in intracellular calcium > vascular smooth-muscle cells ....
Voltage-dependent (L-type) calcium channels. -Open with membrane depolarization. -Regulated by energy-dependent ion pumps (Na+,K+-ATPase). -Regulated by ion channels (Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel). Calcium-channel blockers are used to treat HTN by decreasing vascular tone by ... intracellular calcium. |
contract
decreasing |
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control of vascular smooth-muscle cell tone involves what two tightly regulated control networks?
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endothelium
autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 3 classes of nerves that innervate blood vessles?
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sympathetic
parasympathetic nonadrenergic/noncholinergic |
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Contractile tone is always regulated via control of ____________________.
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intracellular Ca++
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what receptors does norepinephrine work on and what does it cause?
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alpha-adrenergic receptors and it causes vasoconstriction
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what receptors does epinephrine work on and what does it cause?
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both alpha-adrenergic receptors (vasoconstriction) and beta-adrenergic receptors (vasorelaxation)
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Cardiac ultrastructure:
... – individual striated muscle cells that make up ¾ of the ventricle. ... – rodlike cross-banded strands. ... - structural and functional unit of contraction. -Thick filament –... protein – A band. -Thin filament –... protein – A band and I band. -... lines – the dark lines that separate sarcomeres when examined microscopically; distance between ... lines affected by contractile state of muscle. -... – myofibrillar protein that connects myosin to the Z line and contributes to elasticity of the heart. |
Myocytes
Myofibrils Sarcomeres myosin actin Z Z Titin |
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The contractile process:
Intracellular calcium is the primary mediator of the _______________state of the heart. The fundamental action of most inotropic agents – ... (norephinephrine) and ... (digitalis, beta-agonists) is to raise intracellular calcium which triggers cross-bridge cycling. |
inotropic
endogenous exogenous |
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The contractile process:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) -Network of anastomosing intracellular channels. -Regulates intracellular calcium. -_______________ calcium ions during contraction. -_______________ calcium ions during relaxation. |
releases
absorbs |
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Cardiac output:
... = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR). ... = amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat. ... = number of beats per minute. Normal adult CO = 70 mls SR x 70 bpm HR = 4,900 mls/minute. Elite athlete CO can reach 30,000 mls/min during intense exercise. |
Cardiac output (CO)
SV HR |
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Stroke volume:
Three major influencing factors: _______________: the force possessed by the muscle at the onset of contraction due to muscle- stretch (the length of the muscle). _______________: the force that opposes contraction. _______________: the extent and velocity of shortening at any given preload and afterload (the strength of the muscle contraction). |
preload
afterload contractility |
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What are the 3 determinants of preload?
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blood volume
distribution of blood volume atrial contraction |
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Determinants of afterload:
... vascular resistance (influenced by blood pressure). ... of arterial tree. Arterial blood .... Ventricular wall .... -Ventricular radius. -Ventricular wall thickness. |
Systemic
Elasticity volume tension |
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look at slide 41
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ok
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Ejection fraction (EF) is the ... divided by the ...
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stroke volume (SV)
end-diastolic volume (EDV) |
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Assessment of Cardiac Function
(Ejection Fraction): EF is normally >= __________. HF with depressed EF (< 40%) is c/w diagnosis of ... heart failure. -Caveat: Severe hypovolemia (low ...) or severe, acute arterial pressure (high ...) can cause a reduced EF in patients with otherwise normal cardiac function. HF with preserved EF (40-50%) is c/w diagnosis of ... heart failure. |
55%
systolic preload afterload diastolic |
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Assessment of Cardiac Function
(Ejection Fraction): Methods: - ... -Cardiac MRI. -Radionuclide scintigraphy. |
Echocardiography
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