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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Return of blood to the heart ... the transmural pressure and ... its volume
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increases
expands |
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What do you conclude if the systolic AoP is a lot less than LVP?
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aortic valve stenosis
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Valves and heart sounds:
1st sound: ... closure 2nd sound: ... closure 3rd sound: children with thin chest walls, adults with ... failure A low intensity, low frequency vibration in early diastole due to vibration of wall by entering blood 4th sound –... contraction causing vibration of distended ventricular wall when blood flows in. Sometimes normal but frequently found with congestive failure. |
mitral
AoV congestive atrial |
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... events precede ... events
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electrical
mechanical |
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A venous pulse is supposed to be ...
If it’s ..., that suggests something pathologic |
small
large |
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The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits connected through the ....
Blood flows according to the ... created by pumping of the heart. The heart is an ... pump which alternates ... relaxation with ... force production. The valves prevent backflow; they are governed by ... gradient. The ... diagram summarizes the events of the cardiac cycle by showing the relationships of pressure, volume, flow, the ECG and heart sounds during a cardiac cycle. |
cardiac pump
pressure gradient intermittent diastolic systolic pressure Wigger’s |
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What is the equation for stroke volume?
for cardiac output? |
SV = EDV – ESV
CO = SV * HR |
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What does norepinephrine do to EndSystolicVolume? to StrokeVolume?
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decreases
increases |
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what does acetylcholine do to ESV? to SV?
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increases
decreases |
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Ejection Fraction (EF) is the ratio of ... to ...
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stroke volume
EDV |
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What is ejection fraction a measure of?
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contractility. (it’s measuring the preload and the work)
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... is the forcefulness of contraction by the heart at a given preload.
Is the increase in work that occurs if you increase preload an effect of contractility? Changes in contractility reflect changing ability to produce force at a particular ... condition. (preload, afterload) An agent or condition that increases contractility has a ... effect A condition or substance that causes decreased contractility has a ... effect |
Contractility
no intial positive inotropic negative inotropic |
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What kind of inotropic effect does norepinephrine have on cardiac muscle?
acetylcholine? |
positive inotropic effect
negative inotropic effect |
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If you have a lowered preload (EDV), decreased stroke volume, and the ESV doesn’t change much, what should you think ?
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hemorrhage
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In a LV pressure volume loop, what does the area within the loop stand for?
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Stroke work, a measure of cardiac work
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If we have extreme increases in preload, yet the stroke volume remains low, what does that usually suggest?
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congestive heart failure (output is defective)
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Cardiac output is the product of ... and ...
Stroke volume varies with end diastolic and end systolic volumes. Two common measures of contractility were presented: ... and .... The events displayed by a PV loop can be interpreted to assess preload and .... |
stroke volume and heart rate
ejection fraction and dp/dt contractility |
