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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Main theories:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic (...) Psychosocial (...) * Cognitive (...) * ... -Classical -Operant -Social |
Freudian
Erikson Piaget Conditioning |
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Freud/Psychoanalytic Stages of Development:
...: 0-18 months ...:1-3 years (Urethal)? ... (Oedipal/Electral): 3-5 yr Latency: 5- 13 yr Genital: 13 yr - adulthood |
Oral
Anal Phallic |
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look at slide 4
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Freud/Psychoanalytic: Oral Stage (0-18m)
Phase when infant breastfeeds Libidinal and aggressive drives Issues of hope (Erikson’s “...”) Poor resolution->narcissism vs. depression |
Trust
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Freud/Psychoanalytic: Anal Stage (1-3yr)
-Phase when infant learns sphincter control -More aggressive drives (Terrible 2’s) -Issues of willfulness (Erikson’s “...”) -Poor resolution->obsessiveness/stubborness vs. ambivalence/anger |
Autonomy
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Freud/Psychoanalytic: Phallic Stage (3-5yr)
-Phase when infant learns sphincter control -More aggressive drives -Issues of purpose (Erikson’s “...”) -Climaxes with Oedipal/Electra complex |
Initiative
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Oedipal/Electra complex:
-Oedipal= ... -Electra Complex= ... -Resolution- leads to creation of ... (our moral conscience); this allows better control of impulses |
castration anxiety
penis envy Superego |
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Birth – 1 yr = ... |
Basic trust v. mistrust
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
1-3 years = ... |
autonomy v. shame and doubt
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
3-6 years = ... |
initiative v. guilt
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
6-11 years = ... |
industry v. inferiority
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
adolescence = ... |
identity v. role confusion
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
emerging adulthood = ... |
intimacy v. isolation
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
adulthood = ... |
generativity v. stagnation
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
old age = ... |
integrity v. despair
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look at slide 19
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The major theorists for the development of operant conditioning are:
Edward Thorndike John Watson ... |
B.F. Skinner
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Where classical conditioning illustrates ... --> ... learning, operant conditioning is often viewed as ... --> ... learning
It is the ... that follows the response that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again. |
S --> R
R-->S consequence |
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While the antecedent stimulus in operant conditioning does not ... or ... the response (as it does in classical conditioning), it can influence its occurrence.
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ELICIT or CAUSE
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Operant conditioning:
If adding or subtracting the stimulus results in a change in the probability that the response will occur again, the stimulus is considered a .... |
CONSEQUENCE
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look at slide 32
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The following questions can help in determining whether operant conditioning has occurred.
1) What behavior in the example was increased or decreased 2) was the behavior -increased (if yes, the process has to be either ... or ... or -decreased (if the behavior was decreased the process is either ... or ...) 3) what was the consequence/stimulus that followed the behavior in the example 4) was the consequence (stimulus) added or removed -if added, the process was either ... or ... -if subtracted, the process was either ... or ... |
positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement
response cost or punishment positive reinforcement or punishment negative reinforcement or response cost |
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Social learning theory:
... - A baby claps her hands after her mother does so, a teenager dresses like her friends. ... - Stressed today Social-cognitive approach. ... - Children begin to believe their own abilities will help them succeed. |
modeling or observational learning
cognition personal standards |
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Piagetian approaches to cognitive development:
Stages of cognitive development: -... (0-2) – ends with object permanence -... (2-6) -... (7-12) – reversibility and conservation are necessary for this stage to occur -... (12 and up) |
Sensorimotor
Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational |
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... Ethological Theory of Attachment:
1. Preattachment 2. Attachment-in-the-making 3. Clear-cut attachment -Separation anxiety 4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship |
Bowlby’s
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... disorder:
Results in poor physical development of child Either: -Poor attachments with others -Or poor social interactions Causes: 1)parental emotional neglect 2)parental physical neglect 3) frequent changes in primary caregiver |
reactive attachment
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Mature Defenses:
... - guilty action leads to generosity -Mafia donates to charity ...: making a stressor amusing -Making a stressor amusing ... - refocusing energy impulses with a more acceptable course of action -Aggressive person becoming aggressive at work rather than violent ... - voluntary holding an idea at bay -Choosing not to think about a test |
Altruism
Humor Sublimation Suppression |
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Immature Defenses:
... - unacceptable feelings acted out -Anger and tantrums ... - avoiding a painful reality -Accepting imminent death or HIV status ... -transferring feelings to 3rd party -Father yelling at child for spousal conflict ... - emotionally withdrawing oneself -Extreme form is multiple personality ... - a limited focus on an earlier development -Fixating on sports games |
Acting Out
Denial Displacement Dissociation Fixation |
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Immature Defenses:
... - modeling oneself after another -Student emulating a teacher ... - separate feelings from events -Rape victim describing event with no emotion ... - attributing your feelings on another -Unhappy employee saying a coworker hates their job ... - using logic to justify decisions made on impulse or emotional reasons -i.e. using logic to justify a decision rather than using logic to MAKE a decision -Choosing a candidate because you don’t like their nose, etc and justifying based on their platform |
Identification
Isolation Projection Rationalization |
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Immature Defenses:
... - (unconsciencously) acting opposite from one’s feelings -Homosexual marrying a woman to be straight ... - going back to earlier stage of development -Older child who bedwets when stressed ... - Involuntary holding idea from conscience -No memory of painful experience |
Reaction Formation
Regression Repression |
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ADHD has a neurobiological basis:
Dysfunction of ... and ... systems ... and ... are important in drugs that treat ADHD |
dopaminergic and noradrenergic
Dopamine and norepinephrine |
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Who’s is more likely to get undiagnosed with ADHD?
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Inattenive type and those with High IQ
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ADHD treatments:
Methylphenidate products - ... (9-11 hrs) – hard to abuse, lasts long Amphetamine products - ... (d-amphetamine pro-drug) – hard to abuse |
Concerta
Vyvanse |
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ADHD treatments: Adverse Effects of Stimulants
... – occurs more in amphetamine based products ... appetite weight ... headache irritability stomachache rebound agitation or exaggeration of pre-medication symptoms as it is wearing off (especially short acting) |
insomnia
decreased loss |
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... disorder:
-“sidekick” disorder -problems with authority Major treatments ... medication |
oppositional defiant
exclude |
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... disorder:
-problem with society’s rules -A repetitive and persistent pattern of violating basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate societal norms or rules -not very responsive to treatment |
conduct
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... Disorder: a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, as well as engagement in multiple illegal acts
-what a child with ODD and then CD can progress to |
Antisocial Personality
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look at slide 96
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... – significantly subaverage IQ
-Limitations in adaptive skills -onset before age ... years -epidemilogy – IQ ... or below -most common cause (toxins) = ... |
Mental retardation
18 70 fetal alcohol syndrome |
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...:
M>F CGG repeat on X chromosome Physical Characteristics: -Long face -Large ears -Large jaw -Enlarged testes |
Fragile X
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look at slide 107
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ok
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Autism / PDD-NOS/ Asperger Syndrome – key impairment in ... is common to all
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social skills
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Poor social interaction + repetitive behaviors = ....
Add impaired language= ... ... = inadequate criteria met but has some symptoms |
asperger’s
Autism PDD-NOS(pervasive developmental disorder NOS) |
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which environmental causes cause mental retardation:
No general agreement Possible causes with limited scientific data include: -High levels of ... (e.g., mercury, lead, aluminum) due to limited excretion because of low glutathione -Excessive oral antibiotic usage (gut damage = poor health and neurodevelopment due to poor digestion of nutrients) -... damage (especially MMR) * is believed to be due to Thimerasol which contains mercury -Exposure to pesticides -Lack of essential minerals (iodine, lithium) -Other unknown factors |
heavy metals
Vaccine |
