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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 main symptoms of Meningitis?
-All 4 are not usually found together, but if none of these are found, then usually not dealing with meningitis |
HA
nuchal rigidity fever change in mental status |
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What are the 3 most common bacterial causes of Meningitis and what is their gram stain morphology?(starting with most common)
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae, (+) cocci
Neisseria meningitidis, (-) diplococci Hemophilis influenzae type B, (-) rod |
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Where did the infection come from?
Haemophilus influenzae -transfer via ... Neisseria meningitidis -normal flora of ... -recent ... infection is a risk facter Streptoccus pneumoniae -normal flora of ... -secondary to sinusitis, otitis media, bacteremia |
respiratory droplets
nasopharynx viral nasopharynx |
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Treatment for Bacterial Meningitis (if we don’t know what it is.)
-give ... first if we suspect Meningitis -give ... because resistance is increasing. Infants (0-3 months) -... + ... + ... (>1 mo.) 3 months to 50 years - ... + ... >50 years -... + ... + ... -depending on what stage they are in, steroids might be given to reduce inflammation. -Tylenol to get fever down, cooling blanket |
antibiotics
vancomycin ampicillin 3rd generation cephalosporin vancomycin 3rd gen. cephalosporin vancomycin Ampicillin 3rd. gen. cephalosporin vancomycin |
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...:
Common mold Inhalation of airborne spores Taken up by alveolar macrophages Causes allergies in healthy people Allergic bronchopulmonary ... -asthmatics Sinusitis, pneumonia ... in immunocompromised patients Predilection for invading blood vessel walls -Cause cerebral vascular thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction |
Aspergillus
aspergillosis Meningitis |
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...:
-Encapsulated yeast, present in soil and bird droppings (pigeons) -Inhaled -... (polysaccharide) capsule inhibits phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages -Capsule is highlighted by India ink preparation -... – changes in structure and size of polysaccharide capsule to evade immune response -Occasionally causes headaches, meningoencephalitis in healthy patients -Opportunistic pathogen in pts with immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, SLE, Hodgkin’s dz, sarcoidosis, transplant recipient, corticosteroid use) |
Cryptococcus neoformans
Mucoid Phenotypic switching |
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...:
Immunocompetent – self limited flu like illness Transplacental transmission -stillbirth, abortion, blindness, mental retardation -part of TORCH (...) AIDS pts, particularly with low CD4 count -... infection *irregular ring ring-enhancing lesions on CT and MRI scans -Septic shock |
Toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes CNS |
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The mucoid capsule of which organism is highlighted by an India ink preparation?
a. toxoplasmosis b. echinococcus granulosis c. taenia solium d. cryptococcus e. acanthamoeba |
d. cryptococcus
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...:
-60 percent are in pts younger than 20 YO -Dura is fused to the periosteum on the inner surface of the skull -Vessels in dura can be injured especially with skull fractures -Trauma to the temporal bone -> leads to tearing of ... artery -... are uncommon over the age of 50 --> dura is strongly adherent to skull -Blood accumulates and separates dura from skull -... has smooth inner contour -Classically -> pts have a lucid interval and subsequent headache, vomiting, seizure, loss of consciousness |
Epidural Hematoma
middle meningeal Epidural hematomas Hematoma |
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...:
-Dural bridging veins travel from the surface of the cerebral hemispheres through the subarachnoid space and subdural space and empty with dural vessels into the ... sinus -These veins are susceptible to tearing within the ... space as a result of trauma -In the elderly the brain shrinks in size and the bridging veins are stretched out increasing the risk for ... after head trauma -... are also susceptible to subdural hematomas because their bridging veins have thin walls -Most patients with ... develop symptoms within 48 hrs after the injury – headache, confusion |
Subdural Hematoma
superior sagittal subdural subdural hematoma Infants subdural hematomas |
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...:
Most frequent cause of significant ... is rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm -thin-walled outpouching of vessel Other causes include extension of traumatic hematoma, rupture of a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage into the ventricles, vascular malformation, coagulopathy, tumors |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
SAH |
